Galway , one of Ireland's largest cities, located on the west coast of Ireland, has a complicated history that will return about 800 years. The city is the only medieval town in Connacht province.
Video History of Galway
(Alternatif) derivasi dari nama
The city takes its name from the river, which Gaillimh . The word Gaillimh means " rocky " as in the " rocky river ". Today, this river is commonly called the Corrib River, after Lough Corrib, just north. In Ireland, Galway is also called Cathill na Gaillimhe ("Galway city") which is a modern creation to prevent confusion with the Contae na Gaillimhe /County Galway, Gaillimh in Irish.
There are several alternative derivatives of the name, some of the allegations and some of the myths:
- The general view that the city takes its name from the Irish word Gallaibh , "stranger" which is "foreign city" (from Gall , since the name Gaillimh is applied to the first and then the river. Also the general word gallaibh (pronounced with a wide initial letter a ) has never been used as an alternative spelling Gaillimh (pronounced without a large starting letter a ).
- The daughter of a local chief was drowned in the river, and her name was Gailleamh , so the river was named. The head of the tribe was so desperate that he set up a tent at the point to mourn his soul and accompany him. Then, a city sprung around that point, and called Gaillimh to honor it.
Maps History of Galway
Early Galway
DÃÆ'ºn Bhun na Gaillimhe ('Castle in the Mouth of Gaillimh') was built in 1124, by King Connacht Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair. The Annals of the Four Masters notes that in that year "The three castles were founded by Connaughtmen, Dun-Leodhar castles, Gaillimh castles, and Cuil-maeile castles." The fortress is also called the caislean (castle) in history. It was attacked in 1132 and 1149. Galway lies on the tÃÆ'ºath Clann Fhergail that covers St. John's parish. Nicholas (medieval town), Roscam and part of Baile a ChlÃÆ'¡ir/Claregalway parish. The district is held by the ÃÆ' â € Å"hAllmhurÃÆ'¡in/O'Halloran clan. Clann Fhergail itself is a sub district of the UÃÆ' BhriÃÆ'ºin Seola region called Maigh Seola ('Seola plain'). The ÃÆ' â € Å"Flaithbheartaigh clan held him until Norman's invasion of Connacht in the 1230s. As DÃÆ'ºn Bhun na Gaillimhe lay in the O Flahertys region they are often noted as holding this fortress for O Connor Kings of Connacht.
After an unsuccessful week siege in 1230, DÃÆ'ºn Bhun na Gaillimhe was captured by Richard Mor de Burgh in 1232. Over the next century Galway progressed under the Burghs de Burghs (Burkes), becoming a small walled city. After the sundering of the Burgh dynasty (Clanrickards) in 1333, Galway sought independence from a dignified Burke Clanrickard, accepting a murder charter (authority to build a defensive wall) of the Crown in 1396. The British-oriented merchant family - known from the 1600s as The Tribes of Galway - eager to have control over their own affairs without the interference of Burke Gaelicised. With independence from Burkes reached, Galway became much larger culturally and politically distant (but not isolated) from the surrounding Gaelic and Gaelic-Norman territories.
Medieval City
Galway received the city charter from the crown in December 1484. It ensured the city's independence from Clanrickard Burkes. At the same time, the formation of Galway's supervision gave control to the cities of the great parish church, St. Colosseum's Church. Nicholas.
Galway had a difficult relationship with his Irish neighbor. A notice over the western gate of the city, completed in 1562 by Mayor Thomas ÃÆ' â € Å"ge Martyn, declared "From Malignant O'Flahertys God help protect us". A bye-law bans an indigenous Irishman (as opposed to an Old English citizen in Galway) unrestricted access to Galway, saying "neither O 'nor Mac will deviate or boast through the streets of Galway" without permission.
During the Middle Ages, Galway was ruled by an oligarchy of fourteen merchant families (12 Anglo-Norman and 2 Irish origin), 'Galway tribe. The city is growing in international trade. In the Middle Ages, it was a major Irish port for trade with Spain and France, which became the main source of trade to the Western Isles, Scotland, during the Powers of the Islands. In 1477 Christopher Columbus visited Galway, possibly stopping on his way to Iceland or the Faroe Islands. Seven or eight years later, he recorded in the margin of his copy Imago Mundi The people of Cathay came from the west. [From this] we have seen many signs, and especially in Galway in Ireland, a man and a woman, with extraordinary looks, has landed on two tree trunks [or wooden or a boat made of such kind?] "The most likely explanation for these bodies is that their Inuit is swept east by the North Atlantic Current
The medieval Galway population is estimated at about 3000.
Decline
After the Irish Uprising of 1641, Galway was in a difficult position, arrested, in effect between Catholic rebels (Confederates) and his British garrison sheltering in Fort Hill outside the city. Eventually, the mostly Catholic Galway residents went against their garrison and supported the confederate in 1642. The fort was surrounded with the help of Confederate troops until surrender and its garrison evacuated by sea. During the 1640s, Galway was heavily guarded against the counterattack expected by British troops, which eventually materialized as British Parliamentary forces again conquered Ireland in 1649-52. Galway surrendered to Cromwell's troops in 1652 after a siege of nine months; outbreaks and expulsion of Catholics followed. The Cromwellian Act of Settlement 1652 caused a great upheaval, because the people from east Shannon were transplanted into Connacht and slipped back.
After the collapse of the British Commonwealth and the Restoration of England in 1660, (and the Subsequent Settlement Act 1662 and the Explanatory Act of 1665), the Galway economy recovered slightly. At the next crisis, centered on the deposition of the Catholic King James II, in 1689, Galway supported Jacob's side. He surrendered without a siege under the Articles of Galway in 1691 after the extermination of Jacob's main army at the battle near Aughrim. After that, the city became a remote area of ​​the economy, and the capital of its extended old families was spent abroad. It took about 300 years for the city to regain its previous status.
18th century
After the war of the 17th century, Galway, as a port city of Catholicism, was treated with suspicion by the authorities. Legislation 1704 (Act of Interest) states that no new Catholics other than sailors and day workers can move there. On top of that, when the fear arose from the French invasion of Ireland in 1708 and 1715 (as long as Jacob rose 1715 in Scotland), all Catholics were ordered to leave town. The corporation, which runs Galway is also limited to Protestants. This is all the more surprising given that the 1762 census shows that out of 15,000 city dwellers or more, only 350 Protestants. The persecution of the elite of the old Catholic merchants in Galway meant the trade was declining substantially, and the once-busy port was ruined. Local merchants compensate to some extent for this by smuggling items such as brandy through a gap in the city wall. On November 1, 1755, the Lisbon 1755 earthquake caused a two-meter tsunami to hit the city's coast, causing serious damage to the "Spanish Arch" section of the city wall.
19th century
The Galway economy recovered somewhat from the end of 18 as a relaxed Criminal Law. But the rural interior of the city suffered greatly in Great Irish Famine in the 1840s. Unlike other urban centers in Ireland of the 19th century, which experienced an explosion in their population, the inhabitants of Galway actually declined like the destruction caused by hunger.
The second half of the century saw some improvements in the Galway position, as the railroads reached the city in 1850. Another important development was the formation of a university in Galway in 1845, later renamed "Queens University of Ireland".
20th century
The city of Galway played a relatively minor role in the upheaval in Ireland from 1916-1923. In 1916, during Easter Rising, Liam Mellows mobilized local Irish Volunteers in the area to attack the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks in Oranmore, outside Galway, but they failed to pick it up and then surrendered at Athenry. During the Irish War of Independence 1919-21, Galway was the western headquarters for the British Army. Their extraordinary strength in the city meant that the local Irish Republican Army could do little against them. The only initiative was taken by the IRA University battalion, which was reprimanded by local IRA commanders who feared they would provoke retaliation. This fear is not without justification, because the nearby town of Tuam was fired twice by Black and Tans in July and September 1920. In November 1920, an Galway Catholic priest of the city, Father. Michael Griffin was kidnapped and shot by British troops. His body was found in a swamp in Barna. Galway businessmen launched a boycott of Northern Ireland's goods from December 1919 onwards in protest against loyalist attacks against Catholic nationalists in Belfast, a protest which then spread across the country.
Prior to the outbreak of the Irish Civil War (1922-23), in March 1922, Galway saw the tense tension between the Pro-Treaty and Anti-Agreement troops about who would occupy the military barracks at Renmore. After the battle broke out in July 1922, the city and its military barracks were inhabited by the Free Irish National Army troops. Two Free State soldiers and one Anti-Covenant fighters were killed and more wounded before the National Army secured the area. Republicans set fire to a number of public buildings in the city center before they left Galway.
In 1972, part of the city center was destroyed by fire. This area involves the southwest corner of Eyre Square, where the Bank of Ireland used to be.
In recent years, Eamon Casey's resignation as Archbishop of Galway in a "scandalous situation" in 1992 has been crucial in the disappearance of Roman Catholic Church influence in Ireland.
annalistic reference
- 927. Luimneach's foreigners went to Loch Oirbsen, and the lakes of the lake were looted by them.
- 928. The massacre was committed by a foreigner who was at Loch Oirbsen by Connaughtmen.
- 932. Fire from the sky burns Connaught mountains this year, and lakes and rivers dry up; and many people were also burned by him.
- 1124. Three castles built by Connaughtmen, Dun-Leodhar fort, Gaillimh castle, and Cuil-maeile castle.
- 1125. Two sons of Aineislis Ua hEidhin were killed in betrayal in Bun-Gaillimhe / Flann and Gillariabhach, two sons of Aineislis Ua hEidhin, killed by Conchobhar Ua Flaithbheartaigh.
- 1132 Bun-Gaillmhe Castle burned and destroyed by the Munster fleet; and the great massacre was carried out by the people of West Connaught, along with Ua Taidhg, Teaghlaigh, and many other nobles.
- 1132. A hosting on land by Cormac Mac Carthaigh and nobles from Leath Mogha to... and UÃÆ' Eachach and Corca Laoighdhe, and Leath Mogha's fleets [came] by sea to meet them, and they destroyed the castle Bun Gaillmhe, and loot and burn the city. The defeat of An Cloidhe [inflicted] the next day on Iarthar Connacht by the same fleet, and Conchobhar Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iarthar Connacht, was killed, with the massacre of his people... together with Ua Taidhg an Teaghlaigh, and many other nobles.
- 1178. The Galliv River is dry for a period of one day of nature; all the articles that have been lost in it from the most remote time, as well as the fish, were collected by the inhabitants of the castle, and by the people of the country at large.
- 1577. Alexander, son of Calvagh, son of Turlough, son of John Carragh Mac Donnell, was killed in battle by Theobald Boy Mac Seoinin, at the gates of Galway; and there were not many gallowglasses sons in Ireland at that time who were richer, or who were more abundant and generous than he was.
- 1581. The Earl of Clanrickard's son, William Burke, son of Rickard Saxonagh, son of Ulick-na-gCeann, son of Rickard, son of Ulick of Cnoc-Tuagh, was hanged in Galway, third day after Turlough O'Brien's execution ; namely, Turlough hung on Thursday, and William on Saturday. It happens that William joined his kin in the war when they destroyed their castle, as we have mentioned; that he was sorry for this, and went to Galway, under the protection of England, a month before his execution; but some tales were contrived against him, for which he was taken and hanged. As his followers who enter under this protection are also hanged.
- 1586. The session was held in Galway in December this year, and many women and men were sentenced to death; and Edmond Oge, son of Edmond, son of Manus Mac Sheehy, and eight soldiers from Geraldines with him, executed, information given to them that they had been with the Scotsman killed at Ardnarea.
Further reading
The History of James Hardiman of Galway is considered the definitive history of the city and county of Galway from the earliest times until the early 19th century.
This book is now not copyrighted and is available online.
A more recent book by John Cunningham, which relates to the history of the 19th century Galway was published in 2004. The title is 'The sea-tortured city: GALWAY, 1790-1914', and several quotes from it are available online.
See J.G Simms's War and Politics in Ireland 1649-1731 for the details of Galway of the 18th century.
References
Note
^ 1 The recent trend to shorten the city and city names in Ireland has caused some confusion. The name of the city, Cathair na Gaillimhe , has been shortened to Gaillimh , which in turn has caused people wrongly mention the river Abhainn na Gaillimhe . Literally, this means "rocky river river", nonsense.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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