The murder of Ann Ogilby , also known as the "Romper Room murder", took place in Sandy Row, southern Belfast, Northern Ireland on July 24, 1974. It was a punishment murder committed by members of the Ulster Defense Association UDA) from Sandy Row women. At that time the UDA was the legitimate Ultra loyalist paramilitary organization. The victim, Ann Ogilby, a Protestant single mother of four, was beaten to death by two teenage girls after being sentenced to "play games" (a UDA slang term for a torture session followed by death) in a kangaroo court. Ogilby had an affair with a married UDA commander, William Young, who, before his arrest, made her pregnant. His wife, Elizabeth Young, is a member of the female Sandy Row UDA unit. Ogilby has made a libelous statement against Elizabeth Young publicly about the food package. Eight weeks after Ogilby gave birth to Young's son, the female unit decided that Ogilby would pay for both his affair and his speech with his life. The day after the kangaroo "court" trial, they arranged the kidnapping of Ogilby and his six-year-old daughter, Sharlene, outside the Social Service office by UDA man Albert "Bumper" Graham.
A group of UDA women then followed a minibus carrying Ogilby and Sharlene to a secondhand bakery in Hunter Street, Sandy Row; this empty building has been converted into UDA club and "romper room". After Sharlene was sent by Graham to a shop to buy sweets, Ogilby was made to sit on a bench and a hood was placed over his head. Two teenagers, Henrietta Cowan and Christine Smith, acted on the orders they had previously given by unit leader Elizabeth "Lily" Douglas, proceeding cruelly to beat Ogilby to death with bricks and sticks. As Ogilby screamed and pleaded for his life, Sharlene, who had returned from the shop, heard her mother beaten and killed. An autopsy report later revealed that Ogilby had stabbed 24 blows to his head and body, 14 of which caused a "severe fracture in most of the skull".
Within weeks of the killings, ten women and one man were arrested in connection with the murder. They were convicted in February 1975. All but one, a minor whose sentence was suspended, was incarcerated. The killings caused disgust, shock and horror throughout Northern Ireland and remained long in the public soul even as bombings and killings occurred on a daily basis. The murder of Ann Ogilby was investigated by the Historical Query Team (HET) established by the Northern Ireland Police Service (PSNI) to investigate the most controversial murders committed during the Problem.
Video Murder of Ann Ogilby
Events leading to murder
Ann Ogilby
Ann Ogilby (born c.1942/1943 and sometimes referred to as Anne Ogilby), a young Protestant woman, moved to Belfast from Sion Mills, County Tyrone on an undetermined date with certainty. She is one of 13 children from poor families. Described as "a very attractive girl with a dark brown hair and blue eyes", and a slender figure, he started a temporary lifestyle, regularly changing his address and work. The jobs he held were mostly low-cost positions in offices and stores, and he was often evicted for failing to pay rent. His striking appearance makes him popular among men. In about 1968 he became a single mother, who had been made pregnant by a married British soldier stationed in Northern Ireland who had abandoned him and their son after he was transferred to another post of duty. He began socializing with a rough crowd, and in August 1972, he met William Young, a high-ranking member who married from the Ulster Defense Association (UDA) and began living with him in southern Belfast. Young comes from the loyalist Donegall Pass area and is the local UDA commander. She tells Ogilby that her marriage has broken and her divorce is not over yet. Ogilby at the time had three children each by a different couple: Sharlene, Stephen, and Gary. The children have been prepared for adoption after their birth, leaving only the eldest son, his daughter, Sharlene, in his care.
When Young was interned inside Prison Maze in 1973, he often visited him. She complained that his estranged wife Elizabeth never sent her a gift of food, even though she had been given money by the Loyalist Prisoners' Association (LPA). LPA is not aware of Young's estrangement. Delivery of food packages by women to imprisoned members is a practice long established by UDA and "a source of special pride for the organization". Ogilby was asked to make and send him a self-imposed meal which he thought was an imposition because it had to get out of his own money, even though he was almost poor. When Ogilby mistakenly repeats Young's complaint at a Sandy Row pub, the local UDA unit of Sandy Row women (of which Elizabeth is a member) hears his words and becomes furiously loud, especially since Elizabeth can prove that he has sent her husband food packets. Ogilby's comment is regarded by the UDA as a serious insult to its integrity, as it is responsible for the assembly and distribution of packages. The group is already antagonistic because of Ogilby's affair with Young, and his libelous comments only add fuel to their anger. Women consider her behavior publicly immoral, extravagant, and highly unconventional as she often visits clubs and pubs herself rather than with a girl friend who is a habit at Sandy Row. Furthermore, they believe in his harsh, vocal, and maverick personality, the status of an unmarried mother, and the habit described by the locals as "flaunting themselves" is an embarrassing cultural violation of their community.
Social environment
Sandy Row is a working area of ​​Ulster Protestant just south of Belfast city center affiliated with the Orange Order which is a striking 12 Julie parade, the elaborate events created by the traditional Orange Orange established for the event. Before the end of urban rebuilding of the 20th century began in the 1980s, the rows of 19th century storied houses lined the streets and on streets that branch off on commercial highways. Paramilitary paramilitaries have had an active presence there since the early days of Troubles. In 1974, violent ethno-political conflict between Protestant and Catholic Irish nationalists was six years old and showed no sign of abating; bombings, shootings, sectarian killings, intimidation, security alerts and military patrols are a feature of everyday life in Belfast and the rest in Northern Ireland. There are no families in the working class in Belfast who remain unscathed by Troubles or unaffected by the effects of distractions, tensions, and slaughter. The Temporary Irish Republican Army bombing campaign has risen sharply in 1972 and is beginning to increasingly target Belfast city center, often with deadly consequences such as on Bloody Friday on July 21, 1972, when the IRA Temporarily blew 22 bombs across the city, killing nine people and injuring more of 100. This led to erection of the steel gate, manned by the British Army, thereby effectively placing security guards or "steel rings" around the city center, resulting in both Protestant and Catholic retreats further into separate environments, which rapidly fell in under the power of local paramilitary groups that have strong influence in their respective districts. These groups also take on the role of overseeing their communities and eradicating what they describe as anti-social elements. In the February 1974 edition of the Ulster Loyalist, an UDA publication, the UDA warned that it was intended to take decisive action against criminals and juvenile troublemakers in the Sandy Row and Village areas.
Robert Fisk, the Belfast correspondent for The Times between 1972-75, considers UDA Sandy Row to be one of the most ferocious of all paramilitary clothing in Belfast. Their silence over the street barricades they founded during the Ulster Workers Council Strike in May 1974 almost led them into a direct confrontation with the British Army and they even made preparations for the fight if the latter had destroyed the UDA roadblock. The Sandy Row UDA commander during this turbulent period was Sammy Murphy used as his headquarters in the local Orange Hall. In addition to Sandy Row, Murphy has the overall command of the Southern Belfast UDA and is referred to as the community leader in the British Army press release even though his paramilitary names and affiliations are not mentioned. To defuse the explosive situation, Murphy was involved in talks with the proven Army. According to reporters Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack, Sandy Row and Donegall Pass UDA are almost completely uncontrollable at the moment; both male and female members are trapped in violence and intoxication and are used to beatings and murders. Drinking a club or shebeens where alcohol is obtained cheaply is a common feature in the area. Author David M. Kiely stated that at this stage female units are more about gangsterism and mass rules than holding political goals.
The Sandy Row unit is not the only female unit within the UDA. There is a very active group of women on Shankill Street founded by Wendy "Bucket" Millar as the first female UDA unit. Some members are very visible because of the honeycomb hairstyle they usually wear. Although each unit is independent of the others, Jean Moore and then Hester Dunn served as overall leaders of the UDA women's department at the UDA headquarters in Gawn Street, east Belfast. Tanya Higgins and Nancy Brown Diggs observe in their book Women Living in Conflict that loyalist paramilitary women are "more angry and militant" than their male counterparts. Another analysis was provided by Sandra McEvoy in her report on Paramilitary Women Loyalists in Northern Ireland: Duties, Bodies and Empowerment - Report from the Field where she suggested that by joining paramilitary groups like UDA, loyalist women were given with a sense of freedom and personal and political power that they had previously rejected in the domestic sphere; Furthermore, by taking "weapons", women prove that they are willing to go to jail because of their beliefs and loyalist reasons.
The commander of Sandy Row's female unit is Elizabeth "Lily" Douglas, who is portrayed by Kiely for having a power that is respected above all in her life. As the leader of that special unit, he gives immense control over the lives of other women in areas including intimidation and moral policing. Amid three daughters, Douglas was born and raised in a poor working class family. She got married at the age of 17 and has four children. In 1974, Douglas, 40, who lives in a terraced house on Sandy Row's City Street, has a criminal record that came from ten years ago for violations involving smuggling, forgery, assault, bodily harm and running a brothel. When Ogilby publicly denounces the female UDA above the food pack, he is not fully aware of Douglas's abusive character and the enormous amount of authority he holds on Sandy Row.
Kangaroo Field
On July 23, 1974, eight weeks after Ogilby gave birth to a premature son, Derek, father of Young, five UDA women, including the wife of his girlfriend Elizabeth Young (32), Kathleen Whitla (49, second commander), Josephine Brown (18), Elizabeth Douglas (19), led by the last mother, Elizabeth's commander "Lily" Douglas, kidnaps Ogilby from a friend's house in the Suffolk housing estate. They took him back to Sandy Row and placed him in front of a kangaroo court housed inside the unused Warwick Bakery on Hunter Street between Felt Street and Oswald Street, which had been converted into a UDA club. Ogilby often visited the club with Young on previous occasions before being interned; according to Kiely, he enjoys other fellowship and becomes part of the loyalist "against Fenian" loyalty. A total of eight women and two men led this "trial"; Elizabeth Young, however, was by then absent because she was not part of Douglas's "Weight Squad". The "Heavy Squad" is a member of the female UDA unit Sandy Row who did the punishment by Douglas orders. Ogilby burned for an hour over his affair with Young and about his arrogance over the food package. At some point, Douglas told him, "We have rules here, we all hold on to them and I expect new people to do the same." Ogilby, now fearful of the difficult situation in which he found himself, was also told that if convicted, he would be the target of "wallowing". The famous UDA "romper" room was discovered in the early 1970s by Brigadier Davy Payne of UDA North Belfast. Named after a children's television program, these "romper rooms" are located inside empty buildings, storerooms, lock garages, and rooms above pubs and drinking clubs. Once inside, a victim will be "humiliated" (beaten and tortured) before being killed. Although most of the victims were Catholics, many Protestants were also handed over to "romper rooms".
Although UDA women have found Ogilby guilty, two UDA men present at the "trial" can not reach the verdict and give orders to get him released. The women escorted him to the Glengall Street bus station, where he boarded the bus to the YWCA dormitory he transferred to Malone Street. The women then "held back" herself. It is suspected that this decision came after he sarcastically remarked with regard to Douglas, "She thinks who she is? Queen?" who just angered Douglas and the others. Blocking the bus as it exits the station to the road, Douglas and his "Heavy Forces" then climb onto the bus and drag him to a car waiting to bake further. A few minutes later, after being notified by the staff of the bus station, the car was stopped by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC). Although Douglas claims they are on their way to a party, the police requesting the information told the women about the report of one of those who were forced out of the bus. In an attempt to defuse Douglas, Ogilby then spoke up acknowledging that he was the one who had been ejected from the bus, but that "It's nothing, just a few of us fooling around". But police remain unsure of their claims and eight women and Ogilby was taken to the Queen Street RUC station for interrogation. All women are asked to name their names and addresses; the majority live in the Sandy Row area. Afraid of the terrible fate that usually happens to the informants, Ogilby does not say anything to RUC about UDA's kangaroo court or threats against him. Therefore, he and eight other women were released unbilled the next morning at 2:00 am. Ogilby returned to the police station a few hours later, looking frightened, but was sent home by taxi after refusing to give him the reason for his grief. On the same day in a Sandy Row pub, Douglas told the other women that Ogilby was a troublemaker to die, and he quickly made arrangements to facilitate the killing.
Maps Murder of Ann Ogilby
"Romper Room" beats
It was the same on Wednesday 24 July 1974 at 3:30 pm, outside the Social Services offices in Shaftesbury Square, Ogilby and his daughter were kidnapped by 25-year-old UDA man Albert "Bumper" Graham, while "Heavy Squad" Elizabeth Elizabeth member waited in the lounge bar The nearest Regency Hotel overlooking the office They knew beforehand that Ogilby had an appointment that afternoon at Shaftesbury Square's office By using the pretext that a UDA commander wanted to talk to him, Graham was able to kidnap Ogilby and his daughter Sharlene when they left the office Ogilby, taken by the word said Graham, willingly entering his blue minibus.After creating a prearranged signal for the women watching, Graham drove the two women off to the UDA club on Hunter Street, Sandy Row, which had turned into a "monkey shirt room". When UDA women, led by Douglas, arrived at the scene, Ogilby tried to escape, but was arrested and held forcible. after Graham sent Sharlene to a corner shop to buy candy, Ogilby was ordered by Douglas to be dragged into a former bakery and forced up to the first floor where she was made to sit on a wooden bench, blindfolded and a hood rested on her head. At this stage, Ogilby was so intimidated and terrorized by the "Heavy Forces", he no longer offered any resistance. Sunday Life newspaper suggested that she be tied to a chair instead of a bench. CiarÃÆ'¡n Barnes, a journalist writing for the paper, has been interviewing Sharlene Ogilby in 2010. RUC's detective retired Alan Simpson devotes a chapter to the murder of Ann Ogilby in his 1999 book The Madness Murder: The Real Cruelty The The Troubles , instead asserts that Ogilby was forced by his captors to sit on a wooden bench. Though hooded and blindfolded, his hands remain unattached.
Acting under previous instructions by Douglas, who remained below, to give Ogilby "good rompering", two members of the "Heavy Squad", teens Henrietta Cowan (17) and Christine Smith (16), both wearing masks, went on to attack Ogilby. Cowan punched his face with force, dropping it to the floor. Ogilby was then kicked in the face, head, and stomach by the two girls before a blow from a stick showered him. When two teenagers started hitting Ogilby's face and head with a brick, Albert Graham and a member of the "Heavy Squad" Josephine Brown (who also masked), saw the blood of Ogilby stain the hood and realized things had gone too far, began to panic and protest with the girls. girls to stop beatings. Cowan and Smith did stop, to smoke and make plans to attend the disco that night. Simpson suggested that during the attack, Ogilby had put his hand inside the tent in a futile attempt to protect his face from brick powers.
Meanwhile, Ogilby's daughter, Sharlene, has returned from the shops; he entered the club, climbed the stairs to the first floor and started banging on the door and crying for his mother. Although at this stage Ogilby suffered a severe head injury from the brutal attack, Sharlene heard her scream and pleaded with the attackers for mercy while they danced to thunder the disco music. Ignoring the wounded woman's plea for her life and Sharlene's shout, Henrietta Cowan, once again holding a brick, beat Ogilby back in the head with new strength until she lay dead on the floor. The beating session lasted more than an hour. Ogilby received (according to a later autopsy report) a total of 24 blows to the head and body with a blunt object, 14 of which have caused "severe fractures to most skulls".
Albert Graham took Sharlene out of the building and drove her back to the YWCA dormitory; when he left her in the doorway, he convinced the little girl that her mother was in waiting for her. Sharlene was treated by the dorm staff until she was placed in the care of the Social Services. Back at the UDA club, Cowan takes off his bloodied veil and sees his horrible head injuries and a badly damaged face, the defect of which Ann Ogilby is clearly dead; the corpse was then wrapped in a brown sack and brought down. The killers go for a drink with Elizabeth Douglas to whom they tell the details of the fatal beating because she stays on the ground floor all the time. After that, Cowan and Smith dress up and go to the disco as planned.
Instantly
Douglas arranges unidentified UDA body and body disposal and then puts it in a van and dumps it in a ditch on Stockman's Lane near the M1 highway. Found five days later on July 29 by motor vehicle maintenance man. The RUC was immediately called to the scene which was then photographed and mapped. Ogilby, dressed in a red jumper, gray trousers and wearing only one shoe, lay on his back partially submerged in 18 inches of stagnant water with his black, battered face visible and his arms extended. His missing shoes and a large brown sack were found not far from his body above the moat. No identity documents were found on him. The press, along with local television and radio news bulletins, released details about his physical appearance and the distinctive rings on his fingers. A few hours later, a social worker from Shaftesbury Square Social Services office, who had been scheduled to meet Ann Ogilby on July 24, contacted the RUC to inform them that Ogilby and his daughter Sharlene had arrived at the office late for the appointment but left without explanation before the social worker could talking to Ann. He tells the RUC that Ogilby has not been seen since that afternoon. The social worker was then taken to the mortuary where he confirmed that the woman who died inside was Ann Ogilby. One of Ogilby's sisters later identified himself positively. Police are notified that Sharlene is in the care of Social Services.
Due to the location of the body, murder investigations are allocated to the RUC B Division (West Belfast), based at Springfield Road station where CID Detective Alan Simpson serves. He formed part of a CID team set up to investigate Ogilby's killing. After Sharlene was at the children's home, she was interviewed by a detective woman; he clearly remembers the July 24 incident. It was arranged for Sharlene to accompany three CID detectives in the car to Sandy Row and she could direct them to a used bakery in Hunter Street. A Scene of Crime Officer was sent to the scene to inspect the interior of the building and gather evidence. Forensic then shows that the blood detergent found by the police on the floor and items taken from within the UDA club match the blood group Ogilby. Documents are also found in places that include William Young's name. By then the suspects had been arrested and taken for interrogation. These were the eight women who were in the car with Ogilby on the night of July 23 following a fight outside the Glengall Street bus terminal.
Ogilby, aged 31 or 32 at the time of his death, is buried in Umgall Cemetery, Templepatrick, County Antrim. Her sons, Sharlene and Derek are being treated. The Ogilby family only received £ 149 compensation from the State to cover his funeral expenses. He later revealed that Ogilby had planned to move to Edinburgh, Scotland soon after his son, Derek, was released from the hospital (due to premature birth).
Reactions
Ogilby's killing caused widespread disillusionment and shock throughout Northern Ireland, though it occurred during the most tumultuous period of the Problem when sectarian bombings and killings have become commonplace. Protestants were particularly shocked that Ogilby, himself a Protestant, had become a victim of loyalist violence and angrily denounced the UDA. Journalist CiarÃÆ'¡n Barnes describes it as one of the most brutal murders of Troubles; adding that sheer cruelty and the fact that it was done by women against other women within the hearing distance of her child left a lasting impression on the public soul. The UDA's leadership does not approve of the murder; and there is a general outcry from UDA prisoners inside Maze Prison. According to Ian S. Wood, the UDA commander Andy Tyrie does not have sufficient control over many units comprising the UDA to be able to prevent beatings from being punished. A UDA spokesman released a statement condemning the murder and the women's unit that implemented it first published in the Irish Times on February 8, 1975:
"We really do not recognize them [UDA Sandy Row ladies] We think the whole thing is rotten and sickening Ogilby was released by the UDA of allegations about his private life long before he was murdered, an act of jealousy by a group of women. "
After Ogilby's attack, the female Sandy Row UDA unit is permanently dissolved by the UDA leadership. None of the other UDA female units have approved or been aware of the lethal punishment being beaten until reported in the news. In addition, Sandy Row's female unit though, "room romper" UDA is more commonly used by male members of the organization than by their female counterparts. Journalists Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack describe Ogilby's death as a hallmark of the "brutal culture..." that dominates the UDA and other paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland. In relation to these attacks and other "rompering" cases, the authors argue that "rape, beatings and insults against women in Belfast's working class are as routine as gunfire, but put in a vortex of violence that plagues the North".
Convictions
Within weeks of the killings, the RUC had arrested ten women and one man in connection with the murder; this group contains all of Douglas's "Heavy Squad". Most women are unemployed and at least three have male relatives jailed for paramilitary offenses. On February 6, 1975 at the Belfast Municipal Commission, teens Henrietta Cowan and Christine Smith pleaded guilty to murder. They are now aged 18 and 17 respectively. Characterized as "without feeling or regret," they were convicted of murder and sentenced to be held in the Armagh Women's Prison for life on the pleasure of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Smith is not the only member of his family involved in loyalist paramilitary activities. His older brother, a prominent member of Southern Belfast UDA, Francis "Hatchet" Smith (28), was shot dead at Rodney Parade, from Donegall Road, by IRA in January 1973 after he, as part of the UDA unit, shot dead Peter Watterson a 15-year-old Catholic boy, in a drive-by sectarian shooting at the crossroads of Falls Road/Donegall Road. A roofer by trade married to one of his children (although his wife has a Catholic religion), the local UDA commander in the village where he lives.
Explained to the court as the leader of the female Sandy Row UDA unit, Elizabeth Douglas (Sr), who had ordered a fatal punishment beating, pleaded guilty to murder. The murder charge was withdrawn on the grounds that he did not actually intend to "Heavy Forces" to kill Ogilby and he was then sentenced to ten years in prison in Armagh Prison. He received two further sentences (to be executed along with 10 years) of three years each, to intimidate and detain Ogilby against his wishes. The exact motive for the murder was not established in court. During police interrogation, Douglas maintains that Ogilby's killing was the result of a personal vendetta, stating "It's not an UDA operation, they have nothing to do with it, it's just a movement between many women, a personal thing". In his book The Protestants of Ulster published in 1976, Geoffrey Bell stated that the women killed him as punishment for his affair with William Young. Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack suggest that jealousy and bloodthirsty are the motives of the murder. Others received lower penalties: Albert Graham and Josephine Brown, after pleading guilty, were sentenced to three years in prison on charges of being accessory after the incident and causing Ann Ogilby severe injuries; The Crowns recalled the murder charges against the couple after admitting their attempts to prevent Cowan and Smith from continuing with a fatal beating. The commander of both units, Kathleen Whitla was given two years for intimidation; Maud Tait, 21, Anne Gracey (28), Elizabeth Douglas, Jr. (19) and Marie Lendrum (23), were all sentenced to 18 months in jail for intimidation, and an unnamed 16-year-old was given an 18-month probation for intimidation. Such beliefs resulted in the single largest inclusion of loyalist women to Northern Ireland prisons.
By denouncing the UDA, the court judge, Mr. Justice McGonigle stated, "What appears before me today under the name of UDA is the law of firearms, the brutal and cruel organization of those who take the law into their own hands and which, by the court kangaroos and the suffering of physical brutality, terrorizes environment through intimidation ". During the trial, it emerged that the plan to kill Ogilby had been formulated by the UDA unit several months before the "trial" of the kangaroo court. Douglas is reviled by Justice McGonigle, "You order and direct the punishment against this girl.You choose and choose well those who will carry out your orders.When you hear what happens, you arrange the closure and disposal of the body.Your concern is that the events this should not be revealed.You are the commander of these women, your responsibilities are immense.You're no stranger to crime.You have records of smuggling, counterfeiting, assault and apparent physical damage and help and conspiring to keep a brothel.Although the last this in 1961 was an indication of your character. "The Northern Ireland press dubbed Elizabeth Douglas" Sandy Row's executioner ".
Aftermath
Sharlene Ogilby later married and has three children of her own. After her mother was murdered, she was taken to live in Zion Mills by her uncle and aunt. For a while she kept in touch with her brother Gary but has since lost contact; she did not know what happened to her other brothers, Stephen and Derek. Elizabeth "Lily" Douglas died shortly after being released from Armagh Prison on the basis of compassion in 1979; Kathleen Whitla has also died. Henrietta Cowan and Christine Smith were both released from Armagh in December 1983 after serving nine years. They returned to the Sandy Row area. Loyalist sources claim Smith "deeply regrets" the part he played in Ogilby's killing. Graham, after being released from prison, also returned to southern Belfast. To this day he persistently refuses to discuss the killing. The remaining women involved in the Ogilby killing are currently living in Sandy Row or Village. William Young died in 2007.
The former bakery on Hunter Street has been destroyed.
The Belfast poet, Linda Anderson, wrote a poem, Ulster's Gang-Bang Style , based on Ogilby's murder. It was published in August 1989, no. 204 edition of Spare Rib . The murder of Ann Ogilby is also featured in Gavin Ewart's poem entitled, The Gentle Sex (1974). The killings were investigated by the Historical Inquiry Team (HET), founded by PSNI to investigate the most controversial murders committed during the Issue.
Note
References
Bibliography
- Kiely, David M. (2005). Deadly Than the Male: Irish Female Killer . Dublin: Gill & amp; McMillan. ISBN: 0717138941.
- McDonald, Henry; Cusack, Jim (2003). UDA: In the Hearts of Loyalist Terrorists . Ireland: Irish Penguin. ISBN: 1844880206.
- Sales, Rosemary (1997). Women are divided: gender, religion and politics in Northern Ireland . New York: Routledge. ISBNÃ, 1134775083.
- Simpson, Alan (1999). Killing Insanity: The True Crime of Problems . Dublin: Gill & amp; McMillan. ISBN 978-0-7171-2903-4. Ã,
- Wood, Ian S. (2006). Crime loyalty: UDA history . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2426-0. Ã,
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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