The Ivanpah Solar Power System is a concentrated solar generator in the Mojave Desert. It is located at the base of Clark Mountain in California, crossing the state line of Primm, Nevada. This factory has a gross capacity of 392 megawatts (MW). It deploys 173,500 heliostats, each with two mirrors focusing solar energy on a boiler located in three centrally powered solar towers. The first unit of the system is connected to the power grid in September 2013 for an initial synchronization test. The facility officially opened on February 13, 2014. In 2014, it is the world's largest solar thermal power plant.
The facility, costing $ 2.2 billion was developed by BrightSource Energy and Bechtel. The biggest investor in the project is NRG Energy which donated $ 300 million. Google contributed $ 168 million. The United States government provides a loan guarantee of $ 1.6 billion and the plant is built on public land. In 2010, the project was scaled down from its original 440 MW design to avoid disrupting desert turtle habitats.
Video Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
Description
The Ivanpah system consists of three solar thermal power plants on 4,000 hectares (1,600 acres) of public land near the California-Nevada border in the Southwest United States. It's near Interstate 15 and north of Ivanpah, California. This facility is visible from the Mojave National Preserve, Wilderness Mesquite, and Wilderness Stateline.
The heliostat mirror areas focus sunlight on a receiver located in a central solar power tower. The receiver produces steam to drive specially tailored steam turbines.
For the first plant, the largest solar-powered turbine steam turbine generator that ever existed was ordered, with a 123 MW Siemens SST-900 reheat turbine. Siemens also provides instrumentation and control systems. The plant uses the energy of "Luz Power Tower 550" (LPT 550) from BrightSource Energy that heats steam up to 550 ° C directly in the receiver. Plants have no storage.
The final approval for the project was given in October 2010. On October 27, 2010, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Interior Minister Ken Salazar, and other officials gathered at the Mojave Desert to break the land for development.
The project, which has a total cost of approximately $ 2.18 billion, received a $ 1.6 billion loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy. The facility developed a contract to sell about two-thirds of its power to Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG & E), and the rest to Southern California Edison (SCE).
The biggest investor in the project is NRG Energy, a Princeton, New Jersey-based producer. It donated $ 300 million. The project also received an investment of $ 168 million from Google. However, in November 2011, Google announced that it would no longer invest in facilities due to the rapid decline in prices of photovoltaic systems. $ 90,000,000 of financing is provided through the EB-5 Investor Immigration program, managed in this case by CMB Regional Centers.
Maps Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
Fossil fuel consumption
The plant burns natural gas every morning to start operations. The Wall Street Journal reported, "Instead of upgrading the factory every day before sunrise by burning an hour of natural gas to generate steam, Ivanpah needs more than four times as much." On August 27, 2014, the State of California approved Ivanpah to increase its annual natural gas consumption from 328 million cubic feet of natural gas, as previously agreed, to 525 million cubic feet. In 2014, the plant burned 867,740 million BTUs of natural gas emitting 46,084 metric tons of carbon dioxide, which is almost twice the pollution threshold at which power plants and factories in California are required to participate in cap and trade programs to reduce carbon emissions.. If the fuel has been used in the Cycle Gas Turbine Combined (CCGT) plant, it will generate about 124,000 MWÃ, electrical energy. The facility uses the gas plus solar energy to generate 524,000 MW of electrical energy (more than four times that of the referenced CCGT generator), all operating under expected output. By 2015, this facility shows higher production figures, with a 170% increase in Q1 over the same time period in 2014.
By 2015, natural gas consumption has decreased to 564,814 million BTU, while total energy output has increased to 652,300 MWh.
The facility uses three Rentech Type-D water boiler boilers and three times boiler preservation at night. California Resource Conservation and Development Commission are approved for each pile of "130 meters and 60 inch diameter" and consumption of 242,500 ft 3 /hour fuel.
Economic impact
BrightSource estimates that the Ivanpah facility will provide 1,000 jobs at the peak of construction, 86 permanent jobs, and a total economic benefit of $ 3 billion. San Bernardino's supervisor, Brad Mitzelfelt, who represents most of the California Desert Mojave stated that "the project will create jobs for most of Las Vegas and electricity for most of San Francisco."
The project received a $ 1.6 billion loan guarantee from the US Department of Energy. According to Synapse Energy Economics, the estimated construction cost for the $ 5,561.00 per kW facility falls between coal and nuclear power plants. but this does not take into account the factor of solar power capacity that is less profitable.
In November 2014, facility investors applied for a $ 539 million federal grant to finance their federal loans.
Performance
Performance of contracted power shipment of 640 GWÃ, h/year from Units 1 and 3 and 336 GWÃ, Â · hours from Unit 2 is met in 2017, after a sharp decline in production in the first few years of operation, especially in early 2014.
In November 2014, the Associated Press reported that the facility only produced "about half of the expected annual output". The California Energy Commission issued this blame statement on "clouds, jet contrails and weather". Performance increases in 2015 to about 650 GWÃ, Â · h. However, NRG Energy said in its November quarterly report that Ivanpah is unlikely to fulfill its contractual obligations to provide power for PG & E during the year, increasing the risk of default in the Power Purchase Agreement. PG & E has a contract to receive 640 GWÃ, Â · h/year from Units 1 and 3, while SCE should receive 336 GWÃ, Â · hours from Unit 2, priced around $ 200/MWÃ, Â · h (20 ¢/kWÃ, Â · h). In March 2016, PG & amp; E agrees not to declare the plant by default for at least four months in exchange for an undisclosed amount from the owner.
In June 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported, "15 months after starting, the plant generates only 40% [estimated at more than one million megawatt-hours of electricity every year], according to data from the US Department of Energy. "The performance improved dramatically in the second year. CleanTechnica reported in connection with units 1 and 3 that "by 2015, PG & E customers earn about 97% of Ivanpah's contract electrons, which is a major increase over the first year".
By 2017, due to repairs, the factory meets the contract output requirements.
The steam generator is designed for 28.72% gross efficiency. Local radiation near this area is about 7.4 kW/h/m 2 /day (yearly average) for total solar energy flow in visible spectrum 2,717 MWÃ, Â · h/m 2 every year.
One mirror of heliostat is a surface that reflects 75.6 square feet (7.02 m 2 ), giving a total of 151.2 square feet (14.05 m 2 ) per heliostate. Total heliostat plants reflect surface results in 173,500 heliostats ÃÆ'â € "14.05m 2 /heliostat = 2,437,144 m 2 . Based on irradiation, the flow of intercepted solar energy is 2,717 MWÃ, Â · h/m 2 /year ÃÆ'â € "2,437,144 m 2 = 6,621,720 MWÃ, Â · h per year. The thermal results, after considering reflection, transmission, radiation and absorption loss, are assumed to be about 55 percent, resulting in thermal power input to a steam turbine of 6,621,720 MWÃ, Â hh ÃÆ'â € "55 percent = 3,641,946 MWÃ, Â · h < sub> th . The expected energy output will be 3,641,946 MWÃ, Â · h th ÃÆ'â € "28.72 percent efficiency = 1,045,967 MWÃ, Â · h/y, rounding up to 1.05 TWh/y. Efficiency of whole energy conversion = energy output/solar energy inhibited = 1.045.967 MW * h/yr/6,621,720 MW * h/yr = 0.15796 or less than 16 percent.
This calculation is theoretical, because the facilities are lacking storage systems, and every cold night, requires an early heating step every morning. If preheating is done with natural gas, approximate values ​​are possible.
May 2016 industrial accident
On May 19, 2016, a small fire was reported when a misaligned mirror reflected sunlight to the level of Tower Unit 3 which was not designed to collect electricity, which required the tower to shut down for repairs. As one of the three power generation units is offline for scheduled maintenance, the plant is left with only a third of the installation working. Unit 3 operates again on June 8, 2016. The three units resumed operations on June 20, 2016. Solar thermal power production in California peaked at 703 MW on the day, up from 452 MW on June 7 when two units were offline.
Awards
In August 2014, Ivanpah was awarded the "Plant of the Year" award from POWER Magazine. In February 2012, Ivanpah was awarded the CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) Project of the Year by the US Solar Power Plant.
Environmental impact
The project caused controversy because of the decision to build it in an ecologically intact ecological habitat. The Ivanpah installation is estimated, before the operation begins, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by more than 400,000 tons per year. It was designed to minimize the impact on the natural environment compared to some photovoltaic solar facilities because the use of heliostats does not require much grading from the ground. The facility was fenced off to prevent some groundwater wildlife. However, birds are at risk of a collision with a heliostat mirror or from burning solar flux created by a mirrored field.
In 2012, the National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) issued a report on the project, citing water problems, damage to visual resources, and impacts on important desert species. To save the rare desert water, LPT 550 uses air conditioning to convert the vapor back into water. Compared with conventional wet cooling, this results in a 90% reduction in water use. Water is then returned to the boiler in a closed process.
Another potential problem is the mirror reflection effect on the pilot. In addition, "power towers have a 'receiver unit' above them where the mirror plane concentrates their reflected light During operation, the receiving unit becomes so hot that they shine and appear bright... because they are high above ground , this glowing receiver will be a visible glitch for people in many KOP [Key Observation Points], including travelers using I-15. "
According to the California Energy Commission's Energy Resource Development and Development Report on the project, "the project itself is visually impressive, it will cover about 4,000 hectares (1,600 ha), most of which will be covered with a mirror field, a stretch of mirror arrangement will present textural contrast with intact natural character from the desert floor [and] will rise to a height of about 459 feet [140 m], an additional 10 to 15 feet [3.0 to 4.6 meters] above it's height will consist of illumination to meet requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). "
Desert turtle
The Ivanpah solar power project is built on six square miles of public land in the southern Mojave Desert. Project construction was suspended in the spring of 2011 due to allegations of impact on desert turtles. Construction continued when the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) found that the project would not harm endangered desert tortoises. BrightSource also installed fences to keep the wildlife out of the area. In 2010, the project was scaled down from the original 440 MW design, to avoid development in the habitat of desert turtles.
Many desert tortoises found at the site were moved to other parts of the Mojave Desert. However, environmentalists raised concerns that relocated turtles were more likely to die from the pressure involved.
Bird
During a factory test in September 2013, thirty-four dead birds were found at the plant. Fifteen have burned feathers, which the staff at the plant referred to as "ribbons" because they were burned in flight by intense radiation from heliostat mirrors. From February to June 2014, a team of biologists monitoring the number of bird deaths reported 290.
In April 2014, USFWS reported that 141 dead birds, including the peregrine eagles, owls, and yellow warbler were collected in Ivanpah in October 2013. Forty-seven bird deaths caused by solar flux. According to a report by the Associated Press, "Ivanpah may act as a" big trap "for wildlife, with the bright light of insect-drawn plants, which in turn attracts insect-eating birds that fly to their death in a very focused focus. Mitigation strategies for killing birds are considered, including proven, environmentally safe technology such as bird radar and LRAD to evacuate birds from the site, covering the pond to prevent waterbirds from roaming, and clearing additional lands around the plant to make them less attractive and more visible to birds that fly. Some bird deaths occur when the plant is in standby mode, and the mirror is focused on the tower. This problem is solved by spreading a wider focus, under destructive intensity.
In April 2015 the Wall Street Journal reported that "biologists working for the country estimate that 3,500 birds die in Ivanpah within a span of one year, many of whom are burned alive while flying through parts of the solar installation where the air temperature can reach 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit [540Ã, Â ° C] ".
At the end of 2015, Brightsource released the results of monitoring birds and bats in the first year at Ivanpah solar power plant. The Company reported that during a one-year study overseen by the California Wildlife Division, the number of observed bird deaths, adjusted upward to account for the inefficiency of carcass calculations, was approximately 3,500 bird deaths per year caused by Ivanpah solar power plants. The Ivanpah plant takes steps to reduce bird deaths.
Initial reports of high poultry casualties have been disputed since the initial report appeared. In September 2014, for example, World Renewable Energy suggested "With the claims of 28,000 dead poultry from Ivanpah, the Associated Press quipped a story on every front page in America, spreading alarms about concentrated solar power (CSP), which are not grounded in fact, but on one-on-one speculation. "
In September 2016, federal biologists say about 6,000 birds die from collisions or annihilations each year while chasing flying insects around the facility's tower. [see Towerkill]
Production
Production of Ivanpah solar power is as follows (in megawatt-hours, MWÃ, Â · h).
Ivanpah 1
Ivanpah 2
Ivanpah 3
Ivanpah Total
Ivanpah is advertised as designed to produce 940,000 MWÃ, h of electricity per year, based on name plate capacity and assumed capacity factor. In its second year of operation, Ivanpah's production of 653,122 MW Â · h of clean electricity was 69.5 percent of this value, up from 44.6 percent in the first year. In the third year, annual production is 74.8% of the advertised value.
Total annual Ivanpah production
Fossil fuel usage
Ivanpah The use of solar gas is as follows, stated in MMBtu as reported.
Ivanpah 1
Ivanpah 2
Ivanpah 3
Ivanpah Total
NR = Not Reported
See also
- List of solar thermal stations
- SEGEL
- Solar power plant in the Mojave Desert
- The Blythe Solar Project
- Mojave Desert
References
External links
- Geographical data related to Ivanpah Solar Facilities at OpenStreetMap
- Official website
- the facility owner: Brightsource's authoritative energy website
- California government information about the project: Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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