The invasion of the United States of Grenada is a 1983 invasion led by the Caribbean Caribbean States nation of Grenada, which has a population of about 91,000 and is located 160 kilometers (99 mi) north of Venezuela, which results in a US victory in a matter of weeks. Operation Urgent Fury code, triggered by internal strife in the People's Revolutionary Government which resulted in house arrest and execution of the previous leader and both Grenada Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, and the establishment of the initial government, the Revolutionary Military Council with Hudson Austin as Chairman. The invasion resulted in the appointment of a temporary government, followed by democratic elections in 1984. The country has remained a democratic state ever since.
Grenada gained independence from Britain in 1974. The New Gem Movement left to seize power in a 1979 coup under Maurice Bishop, suspended the constitution and detained a number of political prisoners. In 1983, internal power struggles began with a relatively moderate foreign policy approach, and on October 19, military elements of the militant junta arrested and executed Bishop, his colleague Jacqueline Creft, along with three cabinet ministers and two trade union leaders. Subsequently, following an appeal by the Organization of the Eastern Caribbean State and the Governor-General of Grenada, Paul Scoon, the Reagan Administration in the US quickly decided to launch a military intervention. From a US perspective, the justification for the intervention is partly described as "the concern of over 600 US medical students on the island" and fears of a repeat of the Iranian hostage crisis.
The US invasion began six days after the death of the Bishop, on the morning of October 25, 1983. US Army Quick Deployment Force (1st Ranger Battalion, 2nd and 82nd Air Force), US Marines, United States Delta Army, and The US Navy SEAL and other joint forces comprising 7,600 troops from the United States, Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) defeated the Grenadian resistance after a low-altitude airblock by 75 Rangers at Point Salines Airport on the southern tip of the island, and a helicopter Marines and amphibious landing took place at the northern end of Pearl's Airfield shortly thereafter. The Hudson Austin military government was ousted and replaced by a government appointed by Governor-General Paul Scoon until elections were held in 1984.
The invasion was criticized by several countries including Canada. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher personally disagrees with the mission and the lack of notices it receives, but openly supports the intervention. The UN General Assembly, on 2 November 1983 with a vote of 108 to 9, condemned it as "a striking violation of international law". On the contrary, it enjoys widespread public support in the United States and, over time, a positive evaluation of the Grenadian population, which respects the fact that there are relatively few civilian casualties, as well as its return to democratic elections in 1984. The US was awarded over 5,000 medals for achievement and courage.
The date of the invasion is now a national holiday in Grenada, called Thanksgiving Day, which commemorates the release, after the invasion, from several political prisoners, who were later elected officials. The truth and reconciliation commission was launched in 2000 to review some of the controversies of the era; in particular, the commission made a failed attempt to locate the bodies of Bishop, who had been dumped under the orders of Hudson Austin, and was never found.
For the US, the invasion also highlights the problematic issues with communication and coordination between different US military branches when operating together as a joint force, contributing to the investigation and major changes in the form of the Nichols-Goldwater Act and other reorganizations.
Video United States invasion of Grenada
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Sir Eric Gairy had led Grenada to independence from the United Kingdom in 1974. His tenure at office coincided with civil strife in Grenada. The political environment is highly charged and although Gairy - head of the Grenada Labor Party - claimed victory in the 1976 elections, the opposition did not accept the result as legitimate. Civil disputes occurred in the form of street violence between Gairy's private army, Mongoose Gang, and the gang organized by the New Gem Movement (NJM). In the late 1970s, NJM began planning to overthrow the government. Party members began receiving military training outside Grenada. On March 13, 1979, while Gairy left the country, NJM - led by Maurice Bishop - launched an armed revolution and overthrew the government, founded the People's Revolutionary Government.
Airport
The Bishop government began to build Point Salines International Airport with the help of Britain, Cuba, Libya, Algeria, and other countries. The airport was first proposed by the British government in 1954, when Grenada was still a British colony. It has been designed by Canada, borne by the British government, and partly built by a London firm. The US government accused Grenada of building a facility to help the buildup of Soviet-Cuban military in the Caribbean based on a 9,000-meter runway, which could accommodate the largest Soviet aircraft such as An-12, An-22 and An-124, which would increase Soviet and Cuban weapons transport to the Central American rebels and expanding Soviet regional influence. The Bishop government claims that the airport was built to accommodate commercial aircraft carrying tourists, suggesting that such jets could not land on Pearl's Airstrip on the north end of the island (5,200 feet) and can not be expanded because the runway borders a mountain at one end and oceans on the other.
In 1983, a member of the United States House of Representatives, Ron Dellums (D, California), traveled to Grenada on a fact-finding mission, which had been invited by the country's prime minister. Dellums explains his findings before Congress:
... based on my personal observations, discussions and analysis of the new international airport being built in Grenada, my conclusion is that this project is specific now and always for the purpose of economic development and not for military use.... It is my thinking that it is unreasonable, demeaning, and utterly unreasonable for the US government to allege that this airport poses a military threat to the national security of the United States.
In March 1983, President Ronald Reagan began issuing warnings about the threat posed to the United States and the Caribbean by the "Soviet-Cuban militarization" in the Caribbean as evidenced by the too long airstrip built, and intelligence sources indicating an increase in Soviet interest in the island. He said that the 9,000 foot (2,700 m) runway and many fuel storage tanks are not needed for commercial flights, and the evidence suggests that the airport will become a Cuban-military military base.
On May 29, 2009 Point Saline International Airport was officially renamed Maurice Bishop International Airport, in honor of the pre-coup leader killed, Maurice Bishop by the Grenada Government.
October 1983
On October 16, 1983, a party faction led by Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard seized power. Bishop was placed under house arrest. Mass protests against the action led to arrests that fled from Bishop and reaffirmed his authority as head of government. Bishop was eventually arrested and killed, along with his pregnant partner, and several government officials and union leaders loyal to him. The army under Hudson Austin then entered and formed a military council to rule the country. The Governor-General, Paul Scoon, was placed under house arrest. The military announced a four-day total curfew in which anyone seen on the road will be subject to summary executions.
The Organization of Eastern Caribbean Countries (OECS), as well as the countries of Barbados and Jamaica, sought the help of the United States. It was later announced that Grenada's governor-general, Paul Scoon, had actually requested an invasion through a secret diplomatic channel and for his safety had not been announced. Scoon is in his right to take this action under the control of the reserves held by the Crown. On Saturday, October 22, 1983, Deputy High Commissioner in Bridgetown, Barbados visited Grenada and reported that Sir Paul Scoon was fine and "did not ask for military intervention, directly or indirectly." However, in his book, Survival for Service , Scoon confirmed that he had invited the United States and Caribbean countries to intervene militarily, before the invasion.
On October 25, Grenada was raided by US-based joint forces and Barbados-based Regional Security System (RSS), in an operation codenamed "Operation Urgent Fury". The US says this was done at the request of the Dominican prime ministers of Barbados and Dominica, Tom Adams and Dame Eugenia Charles, respectively. Nevertheless, the invasion was strongly criticized by governments in Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, and the United Kingdom. The United Nations General Assembly condemned it as "a striking violation of international law" in a vote of 108 agreeing with 9, with 27 abstentions. The United Nations Security Council considered a similar resolution, which failed to escape when it was vetoed by the United States.
Personnel Pararescue USAF and TACP Air Force from 21st Tass from Shaw AFB were also attached to various other Special Operations Units during the Grenada conflict.
Maps United States invasion of Grenada
First day of invasion
The invasion began at 05:00 on October 25, 1983. US troops refueled and departed from Grantley Adams International Airport on Caribbean island, Barbados, before dawn on the way to Grenada. This is the first major operation carried out by the US military since the Vietnam War. Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf, III, Commander of the Second Fleet, is the overall commander of US forces, designated by the Joint Task Force 120, which includes elements of every military service and special operations units. The fighting continued for several days and the total number of US troops reached about 7,000 along with 300 troops from the OAS. The attack force found about 1,500 Grenadian soldiers and some 700 armed Cuban nationals guarding the defense positions. Grenada security forces have no tanks, only eight BTR-60PB armored personnel carriers and two BRDM-2 scout cars they received from the Soviet Union in February 1981. Their armory also includes twelve anti-aircraft ZU-23 guns, machine guns DShK weight, and a limited number of 82mm M37 mortar and RPG-7 launchers.
The primary objective on the first day of the invasion was the capture of Point Salines International Airport by the 75th Ranger Regiment, to allow the 82nd Airborne Division to land reinforcements on the island; the arrest of Pearl Airport by the 8th Marines Regiment; and rescue of US students at St. True Blue Campus. George. In addition, a number of specialized operations missions are performed to gain intelligence and secure individual and key equipment. In general, many of these missions are infected by inadequate intelligence, planning, and accurate maps of any kind (US troops depend largely on tourist maps).
Cuban troops in Grenada
The nature of Cuba's military presence in Grenada is more complex than originally suggested. As in Angola, Ethiopia, and other countries with a large contingent of Cuban troops, the line between civilians and military personnel becomes blurred. For example, Fidel Castro often describes Cuban construction workers stationed abroad as "workers and soldiers at the same time", the duality of their role consistent with Havana's 'citizen warrior' tradition. At the time of the invasion, there were about 784 Cubans on the island. At least 636 were officially registered as construction workers, 64 were military personnel, and 18 were dependents. The rest claimed to be medics or teachers. Colonel Pedro TortolÃÆ'³ Comas, the highest-ranking Cuban military officer in Grenada in 1983, later stated that he had fired weapons and ammunition to many construction workers in self-defense. According to journalist Bob Woodward in his book Veil , captured "military advisors" from socialist countries are diplomats who are truly accredited and include their dependents. Nothing, said Woodward, took a real part in the battle. Other historians have asserted that most civil engineers in Grenada are Cuba's special forces and combat engineers.
After the invasion, the lack of adequate sea transport facilities and sustained military commitment in Africa made it difficult to strengthen Grenada with short notice. Nevertheless, Cubans are expressly forbidden to surrender to US forces.
US Special Operations Forces deployed to Grenada starting October 23, before the invasion on 25 October. US Navy SEALs from SEAL Team SIX with Air Force combat controllers dripped at sea for a reconnaissance mission at Point Salines, but insertion delays pushed missions to midnight during low-visibility and high-wave storms, resulting in four SEALs drowning on landing. Body Machinist Mate 1st Class Kenneth J. Butcher, Quartermaster 1st Class Kevin E. Lundberg, Hull Technician 1st Class Stephen L. Morris and Senior Chief Engineman Robert R. Schamberger never found. The survivors continued their mission but the boat flooded while avoiding the patrol boat, causing the mission to be canceled. The SEAL mission on the 24th also made unsuccessful due to bad weather, so little intelligence was collected before the upcoming US intervention.
Air strikes at Point Salines
At midnight on October 24, firm A and B of the 1st Battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment started the C-130 at Hunter Army Airfield to conduct a landing airstrike at Point Salines International Airport. Initially intending to land at the airport and then landing, Rangers had to suddenly switch to a parachute landing when it was learned in the middle of the flight that the runway was blocked. The air decrease began at 5:30 am on the 25th in the face of moderate resistance from anti-aircraft weapons ZU-23 and some BTR-60 APC, the latter being knocked out by a 90mm absorption gun. The AC-130 submarine also provided support for the landing. The Cuban construction vehicle was commanded to help clear the airfield, and one was even used to provide cell phone cover for Rangers as they moved to seize the height around the airfield.
At 10:00, the air bands have been cleared of obstructions and transport planes can land directly and unload additional reinforcements, including the Jeep M151 and elements of the Caribbean Peace Forces, which are tasked with keeping the perimeter and prisoners. Starting at 2pm, the unit of the 82nd Airborne Division, under MG Edward Trobaugh, began landing at Point Salines, including the battalion of the 325th Infantry Regiment. At 15:30, a counterattack by three BTR-60s from Grenadian Grenade Motor Company was denied with a shot from a recoilless and AC-130 rifle.
The Rangers fanned and secured the surrounding area, including negotiating the handover of over one hundred Cubans in a flight hangar. However, the Jeep-mounted Ranger patrol was lost searching for True Blue Campus and ambushed, suffering four dead. Rangers finally secured the True Blue campus and his students, where they were surprised to find only 140 students, and were told that more were on another campus in Grand Anse. Overall, Rangers lost five people on the first day, but managed to secure Point Salines and the surrounding area.
Capture of Pearls Airport
Close to midnight on October 24th, a Navy SEAL platoon of SEAL Team 4 under Lt. Mike Walsh approached the beach near Pearls Airport. After dodging the patrol boats and overcoming the storms, they found that the beach was not guarded, but not suitable for amphibious landing. The 2nd Marine Battalion 8th Regiment then landed south of Pearls Airport using CH-46 Sea Knight and CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopters at 5:30 pm on 25 October. The Marines went on to capture Pearl Airport, facing only mild resistance, including a DShK machine gun destroyed by Marine AH-1 Cobra.
Raid on Grenada Free Radio
On the morning of October 25, operators from SEAL Team 6 were inserted by the UH-60 Blackhawk helicopter to capture Radio Free Grenada, to use it for PsyOps purposes. Although the station was captured without resistance, counterattacks by armored cars forced lightly-armed SEALs to retreat in the forest, destroying radio transmitters as they went.
Raids at Fort Rupert and Richmond Hill Prison
On October 25, raids were carried out by Delta Force and Company C of the 75th Ranger Regiment, initiated the MH-60 and MH-6 Little Bird helicopters from Task Force 160 to capture Fort Ruppert, where the leadership of the Revolutionary Council is believed to be, and Richmond Hill Prison, where many political prisoners are held. The raids at Richmond Hill Prison have no important intelligence, including the fact that some anti-aircraft weapons are in and around the prison, and that prisons are on a steep hill with no room for helicopters to land. Anti-aircraft fire injured passengers and crew, and forced one MH-60 helicopter to crash the ground, causing another helicopter to land next to it to protect the victims. One pilot was killed, and the Delta's operators had to be freed by separate Rangers troops. The raids at Fort Rupert, however, succeeded in capturing some of the leaders of the People's Revolutionary Government.
Mission to save Governor General Scoon
The last major special operation was a mission to rescue and evacuate Governor General Paul Scoon from his home in Saint George, Grenada. The mission departed at 5:30 am on October 25 from Barbados, so the Grenadian troops became aware of the US invasion when it landed and secured the Scoon Governor. Despite the entry of the SEAL team into the mansion without resistance, a massive local counterattack led by personnel personnel of BTR-60 armored personnel trapped the SEALs and governors inside. The AC-130 fighter, A-7 Corsair strike planes, and AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters are called in support of the beleaguered SEAL, but the SEALs remain trapped for the next 24 hours.
At 19:00 on October 25, 250 US Marines from Company G of the 22nd Marine Sergeant Unit equipped with Amphibious Raid Vehicle and four M60 Patton tanks landed at Grand Mal Bay, and freed the Navy SEAL the next morning, October 26, allowing Governor Scoon, his wife, and nine helpers to be safely evacuated at 10:00 that day. The Marines tankers continued to advance in the face of sporadic resistance, dropping the BRDM-2 armored car. Company G then defeated and defeated the Grenadian advocates at Fort Frederick.
Air Attack
Air strikes were carried out by US Navy A-7 Corsair as well as AHRA Cobra US Marine attack helicopters against Fort Rupert and Fort Frederick. The A-7 attack at Fort Frederick targeting anti-aircraft guns hit the nearest psychiatric hospital, killing 18 civilians. Two Marine AH-1T Cobras and UH-60 Blackhawk were shot down in an attack on Fort Frederick, resulting in five MCHs.
Day 2 of the invasion
On the second day, the US commander in the field, General Trobaugh of the 82nd Airborne Division, had two goals: securing the perimeter around Saline Airport and rescuing the US students they studied on campus at Grand Anse. Due to the lack of helicopters that were not damaged after the loss on the first day, the Army had to postpone pursuing a second goal until he made contact with the Marines.
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Early in the morning of October 26, a patrol from the 2nd Battalion of the 325th Infantry Regiment was ambushed by Cuban troops near Calliste village, suffered six wounded and two killed in the ensuing firefight, including Company B. commander that, US Navy and artillery bombardment by 105mm howitzers targeting Cuban main camps eventually led to their surrender at 08:30. US troops pushed into the village of Frequente, where they found a cache of Cuban weapons reportedly enough to complete six battalions. There, a reconnaissance platoon mounted on a rifle jeep was ambushed by Cuban forces, but returned fire from the jeep, and mortars from an infantry unit nearby incurred four casualties on the ambush without losing the US. The Cuban Resistance largely ended after this assignment.
Saving in Grand Anse
On the afternoon of October 26, US Rangers from 2nd Battalion of the Ranger Regiment boarded the CH-46 Sea Knight US helicopter to launch an air raid on Grand Anse campus. The campus guards offered light resistance before fleeing, injuring one Ranger, but one of the helicopters fell on the approach after his blade crashed into a palm tree. 233 US students attended successfully evacuated to the CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter, but told US commanders that there was a third campus with US students at Prickly Bay. A group of 11 Rangers were accidentally left behind; they leave with a rubber raft picked up by USS Caron at 23:00.
The third day of invasion and after
On October 27, organized resistance was rapidly reduced, but US troops had not realized it. Marine MAU 22 and the 8th Regiment continued forward along the coast and captured additional towns, facing little resistance, although one patrol did not find a single BTR-60 at night and sent it with M72 LAW. The 325th Infantry Regiment advanced to Saint George, capturing Grand Anse (where they found 20 US students they missed on the first day), the city of Ruth Howard, and the capital of Saint George, met only scattered resistance. The A-7 air strike by air force shooting team accidentally crashed into the 2nd Brigade command post, wounding 17 soldiers, one of whom died of wounds.
The Army has reported that PRA troops are collecting in the Calivigny barracks, just five kilometers away from Point Salines airfield. They organized the air raids by the 2nd Battalion of the 75th Ranger Regiment preceded by the bombing of preparations by howitzers of the field (most of which were lost, their shells falling into the ocean), A-7 Corsair, AC-130, and USS Caron. However, when the Blackhawk helicopters began to lower the troops near the barracks, they approached too quickly. One of them fell landed and two behind him collided with it, killing three people and injuring four others. Coincidentally, the barracks were abandoned.
In the days that followed, the resistance ended fully and the Army and Marines scattered on the island, arrested the PRA officials, confiscated weapons cache, and saw the repatriation of Cuban engineers.
On November 1, two companies from the 22nd Amphibious Marine Unit made a combined sea and helicopter landing on Carriacou island 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Grenada. Nineteen Grenadian soldiers defending the island surrendered without a fight. This is the last military action of the campaign.
Results
US official sources stated that some of their opponents were well prepared and well positioned and gave stubborn resistance, as far as the US summoned two battalions of reinforcements on the night of October 26th. Total navies and air superiority coalition forces - including helicopter gunships and naval support as well as members of the US Navy's reserve force, have defeated human rights defenders.
Nearly 8,000 soldiers, sailors, aviators and marines have participated in Operation Urgent Fury along with 353 Caribbean allies of the Caribbean Peace Forces. US troops suffered 19 dead and 116 injured; Cuban troops arrested 25 dead, 59 injured and 638 arrested. Grenadian troops suffered 45 people dead and 358 wounded; At least 24 civilians were also killed, 18 of whom were killed in the unintentional bombing of the Grenadian psychiatric hospital. The US also destroyed a number of Grenada military hardware, including six APCs and an armored car. The second armored car was confiscated and then sent back to the Quantico Base Marine Corps for inspection.
Reactions in the United States
A month after the invasion, Time magazine described it as "popular popular support." A congressional study group concluded that the invasion was justified, as most of its members felt that US students at a university near the runway being contested may have been held hostage as US diplomats in Iran four years earlier. The group's report led House Speaker Tip O'Neill to change his position on the issue from opposition to support.
However, some members of the study group did not agree with the findings. Congressman Louis Stokes, D-Ohio, declared: "No American child or an American citizen is placed in danger or placed in a hostage-taking situation before the invasion." The Congressional Black Caucus denounced the invasion and seven members of the Democratic congress, led by Ted Weiss, introduced an unsuccessful resolution to indict Ronald Reagan.
On the night of October 25, 1983 by phone, on the news broadcast Nightly, newscaster Ted Koppel spoke to medical students in Grenada who claimed they were safe and did not feel their lives were in danger. The next night, again by phone, the medical students told Koppel how grateful they were for the invasion and Rangers Army, which might save their lives. State Department officials have assured medical students that they will be able to complete their medical school education in the United States.
International reaction
On 2 November 1983 with a vote of 108 agreeing with 9 opposing votes (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, El Salvador, Israel, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the United States), with 27 abstentions, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution General Assembly 38/7, which "deeply regrets armed intervention in Grenada, which is a striking violation of international law and independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the State." He went on to regret "the death of innocent civilians" "the assassination of prime ministers and other prominent Grenadians" and called for "immediate cessation of armed intervention" and demanded "that free elections be held".
This is the first military setback of a Communist country. The Soviet Union said that Grenada has long been the object of US threats, that the invasion violates international law, and that no small country that is not favored by the United States will feel secure if aggression against Grenada is not rejected. Governments of several countries state that the US intervention is returning to the era of barbarism. The governments of other countries say the United States by its invasion has violated several treaties and conventions that are a party.
A similar resolution was discussed at the United Nations Security Council and despite receiving widespread support, it was eventually vetoed by the United States. US President Ronald Reagan, when asked whether he was concerned about the 108-9 vote at the UN General Assembly said "it does not upset me at all."
Grenada is a part of the Commonwealth of Nations and, after the invasion, they sought help from other Commonwealth members. The intervention was opposed by members of the Commonwealth including Britain, Trinidad and Tobago, and Canada, among others. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, a close ally of Reagan in another matter, personally opposed the US invasion. Reagan told him it was possible; he did not know for sure to come until three hours earlier. At 12:30 am at the time of the invasion, Thatcher sent a message to Reagan:
This action will be seen as an intervention by the Western state in the internal affairs of an independent small country, but does not attract its regime. I ask you to consider this in the context of our broader East/West relationship and the facts that we will face in the next few days to be delivered to our Parliament and the people about the location of Cruise missiles in the country. I must ask you to think carefully about these things. I can not hide that I am very disturbed by your last communication. You asked for my advice. I have set it up and hope that even in this final stage you will consider it before the events can not be undone. (Full text is still classified.)
Reagan told Thatcher before others that the invasion would begin within hours, but ignored his complaints. He openly supports US action. Reagan called to apologize for miscommunication, and long-lasting friendships persisted.
Aftermath
Following the US victory, the American and Caribbean governments quickly reaffirmed Scoon as the sole representative of Queen Elizabeth II in Grenada - and hence, the only legitimate authority on the island. In accordance with the Commonwealth's constitutional practice, Scoon assumes power as the interim head of government, and sets up an advisory board named Nicholas Brathwaite as chairman awaiting new elections. The elections held in December 1984 were won by the National Party of Grenada and the government was formed headed by Prime Minister Herbert Blaize.
US troops remain in Grenada after combat operations completed in December as part of Operation Breeze Island. The remaining elements, including military police, special forces, and special intelligence detachments, carry out security missions and assist the members of the Caribbean Peace and Grenadian Royal Police Force.
The Point Salines International Airport was renamed in honor of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop on May 29, 2009, the 65th anniversary of his birth. Hundreds of Grenadians turned out to commemorate the event. Tillman Thomas, the Prime Minister of Grenada, gave a keynote address and referred to the renaming as the actions of the Grenadians returning home. He also hopes that it will help close the chapter of denials in the history of Grenada.
United States
The invasion indicates a problem with the US government's "information apparatus", which Time is depicted as still in "some turmoil" three weeks after the invasion. For example, the US State Department mistakenly claimed that a mass grave had been found that housed 100 bodies of islanders who had been killed by communist forces. Major General Norman Schwarzkopf, deputy commander of the invading forces, said that 160 Grenadian soldiers and 71 Cubans had been killed during the invasion; The Pentagon has provided a much lower number of 59 Cuban and Grenadian deaths. Ronald H. Cole's report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff shows a lower count.
Also of concern are the issues that the invasion demonstrated to the military. There is a lack of intelligence about Grenada, which exacerbates the difficulties faced by the rapidly-assembled invasion forces. For example, it is not known that students are actually located on two different campuses and there is a thirty-hour delay in reaching students on the second campus. The map provided to soldiers on the ground is a tourist map whose reference line of military grids is drawn by hand to report the location of the unit and request the help of artillery and fire planes. They also do not show topography and are not marked with important positions. The US Navy ships provide naval and US Navy shootings, US Air Force and US Navy fighter/bombers that provide close air support incorrectly firing on and killing US ground forces because of differences in graphs and coordinates of location, data, and method of calling for fire assistance. Communication between services is also recorded as incompatible and hinders coordination of operations. The landing lane was drawn by hand on a map given to several members of the invading forces.
A very fictional account of the invasion from a US military perspective is shown in the 1986 Clint Eastwood Heartbreak Ridge film, in which the Marines replaced the actual role of the US Army unit. Due to the film's portrayal of some incompetent officers and the NCO, the Army withdrew its support for the film.
Goldwater-Nichols Act
Analysis by the US Department of Defense demonstrates the need for increased communication and coordination between branches of US forces. The US Congress's investigation of many of the reported issues resulted in the most important legislative changes affecting US military organization, doctrine, career development, and operating procedures since the end of World War II: Defense Reorganization Act of the Department of Defense Goldwater-Nichols 1986 (Pub. L.99-433).
The Goldwater-Nichols Act reprocessed the US military command structure, making the biggest changes to the US Department of Defense since the department was established in the National Security Act of 1947. This increased the strength of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and created the concept of US joint forces which are completely united (ie, the Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy organized under a single command). One of the first reorganizations resulting from the Department of Defense analysis and legislation was the establishment of the U.S. Special Operations Command. in 1987.
More
October 25 is a national holiday in Grenada, called Thanksgiving Day, to commemorate the invasion.
St. John's University George built a monument on his real Blue Campus to commemorate the US soldiers killed during the invasion, and marked the day with an annual memorial service.
In 2008, the Grenada Government announced a move to build a monument in honor of Cuba who was killed during the invasion. At the time of the announcement, the Cuban and Grenadian governments were still looking for a suitable place for the monument.
Battle sequence
Two US warship formations took part in the invasion. USSÃ, Independence Ã, (CVA-62) carrier battle group; and Maritime Amphibious Readiness Groups, flagship USS Guam (LPH-9), USSÃ, Barnstable County (LST-1197), USS Manitowoc (LST -1180), USSÃ, Fort Snelling (LSD-30), and USSÃ, Trenton (LPD-14). Group Carrier Four allocated Group assignment assignment 20.5 for operations.
In addition, the following ships support naval operations:
USS Kidd (DDG-993), USS Aquila (PHM-4), USS Aubrey Fitch  (FFG-34), USS Briscoe (DD-977), USS Portsmouth (SSN-707), USS Pemulihan (ARS-43), USS Saipan (LHA-2), USS Sampson (DDG-10), USS Samuel Eliot Morison (FFG-13), USS John L. Hall (FFG-32), USS Silversides (SSN-679), USS Taurus (PHM-3), USNS < i> Neosho (T-AO-143), USS Caloosahatchee (AO-98) dan USS Richmond K. Turner (CG-20).
AS. Penjaga Pantai
USCGCÃ, Chase (WHEC-718)
In popular culture
The 1986 film Heartbreak Ridge by Clint Eastwood followed a group of Marines who were preparing and participating in the invasion.
The 1990 film Die Hard 2 mentions Grenada when an army unit spoke among themselves about the invasion.
The 1994 film Natural Born Killers called Grenada when one of the main characters claimed he witnessed the invasion.
In the 2013 film The Wolf of Wall Street, the Grenada invasion was used as a metaphor for court cases that could not possibly lose.
In the 2012 and 2014 sketches of Saturday Night Live where Bill Hader attended the puppet class and used his doll to tell a bleak story about the invasion.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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