Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 - October 24, 2005) is an activist in the civil rights movement renowned for its vital role in Montgomery Bus Boycott. The United States Congress has called him "the first woman of civil rights" and "the mother of the independence movement".
On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey the bus driver James F. Blake's order to surrender his chair in the "colored part" for white passengers, after only white parts were filled. The park was not the first to reject bus segregation, but the NAACP believes that he is the best candidate to look through a court challenge after his arrest for civil disobedience in violation of the Alabama law of segregation. The park's excellence in the community and its willingness to become a controversial figure inspired the black community to boycott Montgomery buses for over a year, the first major direct action campaign of the post-war civil rights movement. His case became stuck in state courts, but Montgomery's federal busses Browder v. Gayle succeeded in November 1956.
Park rebellion and Montgomery bus boycott became an important symbol of the movement. He became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. He arranges and collaborates with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in Montgomery who gained national excellence in the civil rights movement.
At the time, Park was the secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. He recently attended the Highlander Peoples School, a Tennessee center to train activists for workers' rights and racial equality. He acts as a "tired surrender" citizen. Although honored in the next few years, he also suffered for his actions; he was fired from his job as a tailor at a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards.
Shortly after the boycott, he moved to Detroit, where he briefly found a similar job. From 1965 to 1988 he served as secretary and receptionist for John Conyers, American-African American Representative. He is also active in the Black Power movement and support of political prisoners in the US.
After his retirement, Parks writes his autobiography and continues to insist that the struggle for justice is not over and there is much work to be done. In his last years, he suffered from dementia. The park received national recognition, including the NAACP 1979 Meding Spingarn, President's Independence Medal, Congressional Gold Medal, and posthumous statue in the National Capitol Sculpture Hall of the United States. After his death in 2005, he was the first woman and a respectable third non-US government official in Capitol Rotunda. California and Missouri commemorate Rosa's Garden Day on her birthday on February 4, while Ohio and Oregon commemorate the occasion on the anniversary of the day she was arrested, December 1.
Video Rosa Parks
Initial years
Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (nÃÆ' Â © e Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter. In addition to African ancestors, one of his great-grandparents was a Scottish-Irishman and one of his great-grandmother was a native American slave. She was small from childhood and suffered from poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her grandparents mother, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. They are all members of the African Episcopal Methodist Church (AME), a century-old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century.
McCauley attends rural schools until the age of eleven. As a student at the Montgomery School of Industry for Girls, he takes academic and vocational courses. The park goes to a laboratory school founded by Alabama State Teachers College for Negro for secondary education, but dropouts to care for his grandmother and then his mother, after they fall ill.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states have adopted a new constitution and election laws that effectively deprive blacks voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under White Crow's White House legislation, passed after the Democrats retook the southern legislature, racial segregation is imposed on public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transport. Bus and train firms apply a seating policy with separate parts for blacks and whites. School bus transportation is not available in any form for black school children in the South, and black education is always under-funded.
The park remembers going to elementary school at Pine Level, where school buses bring white students to their new school and black students must walk to their schools:
I will see the bus pass every day... But for me, it is a way of life; we have no choice but to accept what is customary. Buses are one of the first ways I realize there is a black world and a white world.
Although Park's autobiography recounts early memories of the goodness of white strangers, he can not ignore the racism of his society. When the Ku Klux Klan lined the street in front of their house, Taman remembered his grandfather guarding the front door with a rifle. The Montgomery Industrial School, established and run by white northern men for black children, was burned twice by the arsonists. The faculty was ostracized by the white community.
Bitten repeatedly by white children in the neighborhood, Parks often fight physically. He then said: "As far as I can remember, I can never think in terms of receiving physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible."
Initial activism
In 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. He was a member of the NAACP, who at the time was raising money to support the Scottsboro children's defense, a group of black men accused of raping two white women. Rosa takes a lot of work, from housekeepers to hospital helpers. At the insistence of her husband, she completed her high school in 1933, when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma.
In December 1943, the Park became active in the civil rights movement, joined the Montgomery NAACP chapter, and was selected as secretary at this time regarded as a women's job. He then said, "I'm the only woman there, and they need a secretary, and I'm too scared to say no." He continued as a secretary until 1957. He worked for local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, although he stated that "Women do not need to be anywhere but in the kitchen." When Parks asked, "Well, what about me?", He replied: "I need a secretary and you are a good person."
In 1944, in his capacity as secretary, he investigated the gang rapes of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized the "Justice Committee Equal to Mrs Recy Taylor", launching what the Chicago Defenders called "the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade."
Although he was never a member of the Communist Party, he attended a meeting with her husband. The famous Scottsboro case has become famous by the Communist Party.
In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Electoral League. Shortly after 1944, he did a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which although his location in Montgomery, Alabama, does not allow racial segregation because it is a federal property. He rides an integrated trolley. Speaking to his biographer, Parks noted, "You might say Maxwell opened my eyes." The park works as a housekeeper and tailor for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, Durrs became his friends. They encouraged - and eventually helped sponsor - Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an educational center for activism in worker rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There is a Park guided by veteran organizer Septima Clark. In 1945, despite Jim Crow's law and discrimination by the registrant, he managed to register to vote on his third experiment.
In August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after being reportedly teased with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi. On November 27, 1955, four days before he would make him stand on the bus, Rosa Parks attended a mass gathering at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery addressing the case and recent murders of activists George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The keynote speaker was T. R. M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who heads the Regional Council for Negro Leadership. Howard brings the news of the release of the two men who just killed Till. Parks is very sad and angry at the news, especially since Till's case has garnered more attention than the cases she and Montgomery NAACP are working on - but both men are still walking freely.
Maps Rosa Parks
Montgomery bus and boycott of bus
Bis Montgomery: applicable laws and practices
In 1900, Montgomery had passed the city rules to separate bus passengers by race. Conductors are empowered to establish seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passengers should move or hand over their seats and stand up if the bus is crowded and no other seats are available. Over time and customarily, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopt a practice that requires black riders to move when there are no white seats left.
The first four rows of seats on every Montgomery bus are reserved for whites. Buses have "color" parts for black people in general on the back of buses, although blacks control more than 75% of passengers. The parts are not fixed but are determined by the placement of movable marks. Blacks can sit in the middle row until the whites are filled; If more white people need a chair, blacks must move to a chair in the back, stand up, or, if there are no rooms, leave the bus. Blacks can not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver can move the "color" part mark, or remove it altogether. If the white man was seated in front, the blacks had to go forward to pay the fare, then go down and re-enter through the back door.
For years, the black community complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, "The attitude of refusing me on the bus does not start with the special arrest, I've been walking a lot in Montgomery."
One day in 1943, Parks took the bus and paid the fare. He then moved to his seat but the driver James F. Blake told him to follow the rules of the city and enter the bus again from the back door. When Parks gets out of the vehicle, Blake goes without her. The park waited for the next bus, deciding never to ride with Blake again.
The refusal to move
After working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, Montgomery City Lines' General Motors Old Look bus, at about 6 pm on Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. He paid the fare and sat in the empty seat in the first row of the backseat provided to the blacks in the "color" section. Near the center of the bus, its ranks are directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, he did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left him in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all the white seats in the full bus went up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers stood up, when the front of the bus was fully loaded. He removed the "colored" sign at the back of the Garden and demanded four blacks hand over their seats in the center so that white passengers could sit down. Years later, remembering that day's event, Parks said, "When the white driver stepped back toward us, as he waved and ordered us and out of our seats, I felt a determination to cover my body like a winter night blanket. "
According to Parks' account, Blake said, "You better make it light and let me sit in that chair." Three of them fulfilled. Parks said, "The driver wants us to stand, the four of us. We did not move at the beginning, but he said, 'Let me have this seat.' And three others moved, but I did not. "The black man sitting next to him handed his chair.
The garden moves, but toward the window seat; he did not rise to move to the redesigned colored part. Parks then said about being asked to move to the back of the bus, "I'm thinking of Emmett Till and I can not go back." Blake said, "Why do not you stand up?" Parks replied, "I do not think I should stand up." Blake called the police to catch the Park. Recalling the incident for Eyes on the Prize, a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, he asked me if I would stand, and I said, 'No , I do not.' And he said, 'All right, if you do not stand, I have to call the police and arrest you.' I said, 'You can do that.' "
During a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland a few months after his arrest, Parks said he had decided, "I must know once and for all what rights I have as a human being and a citizen."
In his autobiography, My Story , he said:
People always say that I do not give up my chair because I'm tired, but that's not true. I'm not physically exhausted, nor tired beyond usual at the end of the day. I am not old, although some people have my image as a parent. I am forty-two years old. No, only I'm tired, already tired of giving up.
When Park refused to give up his seat, a police officer arrested him. When the officer took him away, he remembered that he asked, "Why did you encourage us?" She remembered her saying, "I do not know, but the law is the law, and you're in custody." He then said, "I only know it, because I was arrested, that it was the last time I would ride such an insult...."
Parks is accused of violating Chapter 6, Section 11 of Montgomery City code segregation law, although technically she does not sit on a white chair; he is in the colored part. Edgar Nixon, president of Montgomery NAACP chapter and leader of Pullman Porters Union, and his friend, Clifford Durr, saved Parks out of jail that night.
The park does not begin with the idea of ​​protesting segregation with the sit-in bus. The people who preceded him included Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Lillie Mae Bradford in 1951, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and members of the ultimately successful case of Browder v. Gayle 1956 (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats a few months before Parks.
Boycott
Nixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, a professor of Alabama State College and a member of the Women's Political Council (WPC), on Parks' case. Robinson believes it is important to seize the opportunity and stay up all night photographing more than 35,000 leaflets announcing a bus boycott. The Political Council of Women is the first group to officially support the boycott.
On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and front-page articles at the Montgomery Advertiser helped spread the word. At the church rally that evening, those present agreed to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until the black driver was hired, and until the seat in the middle of the bus was handled on the basis of the first arrival.
The next day, Parks is on trial for alleged disorderly conduct and violates local rules. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $ 10, plus $ 4 in court fees, Parks appeals against her beliefs and formally challenges the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio, Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:
I do not want to be persecuted, I do not want to lose the seat I paid for. It was just time... there was a chance for me to take a stand to express my feelings about being treated that way. I have not planned to be arrested. I have a lot to do without having to end up in jail. But when I have to face the decision, I do not hesitate to do it because I feel that we have taken it too long. The more we give up, the more we obey such treatment, the more oppressive it becomes.
On the park's pilot day - December 5, 1955 - WPC distributed 35,000 leaflets. The reader read,
We... ask every Negro to stay out of the bus on Monday in protest at the arrest and trial... You can stay out of school for a day. If you work, take a taxi, or walk. But please, kids and adults, do not take the bus at all on Monday. Please stay outside the bus on Monday.
It was raining that day, but the black community survived in their boycott. Some people ride in carpool, while others travel by black taxi that charge the same rate as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remaining 40,000 black commuters run, some as far as 20 miles (30 km).
That night after the success of a one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time the Garden was introduced but was not asked to speak, despite the loud applause and calls from the crowd for him to speak; when he asks if he should say something, the answer is, "Why, you've said enough."
The group agrees that a new organization is needed to lead a boycott if it continues. Reverend Ralph Abernathy suggested the name "Montgomery Improvement Association" (MIA). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members were elected their presidents Martin Luther King, Jr., a newcomer relatively close to Montgomery, who is a young and largely unknown priest at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.
On Monday night, 50 African-American community leaders gathered to discuss actions to respond to the Park's arrest. Edgar Nixon, president of the NAACP, said, "Oh my God, see what segregation has placed in my hands!" The park is considered to be the ideal plaintiff for a trial case against the laws of city and state segregation, as he is seen as a responsible and mature woman with a good reputation. He married safely and worked, considered as having a calm and dignified attitude, and was politically intelligent. King said that Park is considered "one of Montgomery's best citizens - not one of the best Negro niggers, but one of the best citizens in Montgomery."
Court court cases are being slowed in appeal through the Alabama court on their way to the Federal appeal and the process could take years. Combining a boycott for that time period will be a great tension. Eventually, Montgomery's black population continued to boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses were unemployed for months, severely damaging the finances of transit bus companies, until the city lifted its law requiring the separation of public buses after the US Supreme Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle that it is unconstitutional. Park was not included as a plaintiff in Browder's decision because lawyer Fred Gray concluded the court would see them trying to avoid prosecuting him on charges that work through the Alabama state court system.
The park plays an important role in raising international awareness of the suffering of African-Americans and civil rights struggles. King wrote in his 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom that Parks' capture was a catalyst rather than a cause of protest: "The cause lies deep in similar notes of injustice." He wrote, "Actually, no one can understand Mrs. Parks's actions unless she realizes that in the end the endurance plate is running, and the human personality exclaims, 'I can not take it anymore.'"
Detroit year
1960s
After his arrest, Park became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardship as a result. Due to the economic sanctions used against activists, he lost his job at department stores. Her husband quit her job after her boss banned her from talking about his wife or a legal case. Park travels and talks a lot about this issue.
In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery to Hampton, Virginia; mostly because he can not find a job. He also disagreed with King and other leaders of the Montgomery civil rights movement who are struggling on how to proceed, and are constantly receiving death threats. At Hampton, he found work as a hostess at an inn at Hampton Institute, a historic black college.
Later that year, at the urging of his brother and brother-in-law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and his mother moved north to join them. The city of Detroit is trying to foster a progressive reputation, but the Park faces many signs of discrimination against African-Americans. Schools are effectively separated, and services in the black environment are below standard. In 1964, Parks told an interviewer that, "I do not feel much difference here... The segregation of housing is just as bad, and it seems more visible in big cities." He regularly participates in movements for open and fair housing.
Parks provided important assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. He persuaded Martin Luther King (who was generally reluctant to support local candidates) to perform alongside Conyers, thereby enhancing the profile of prospective beginners. When Conyers was elected, he hired him as secretary and receptionist for his congress office in Detroit. He held this position until he retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, "You treat him with respect because he is so quiet, so quiet - just a very special person... There is only one Rosa Parks. "Doing a lot of daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focus on socio-economic issues including welfare, education, employment discrimination, and affordable housing. He visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers in constant concern with community concerns and activism.
The gardens participated in national activism during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma-to-Montgomery Parade, the Current Freedom Party, and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. He also befriends Malcolm X, whom he considers a personal hero.
Like many Detroit blacks, the Park remains deeply concerned about housing issues. He himself lives in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which has been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of whom were African-Americans. The park lives only a mile from the epicenter of rioting that occurred in Detroit in 1967, and he considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the chaos.
Afterwards, the Park worked with members of the Revolutionary Black League of Workers and the New African Republic in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. He served in the "people's tribunal" on August 30, 1967, investigating the murder of three youths by police during the 1967 Detroit uprising, in what came to be known as the Algiers Motel incident. He also helped set up Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The Council facilitates the construction of the only black shopping center in the country. The park takes part in the black power movement, attends the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. He also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland.
1970s
In the 1970s, Parks arranged for freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving self-defense issues. He helped set up the Detroit chapter of the Joann Small Defense Committee, and also worked to support Wilmington 10, RNA-11, and Gary Tyler. After a nationwide protest around his case, Little succeeded in his defense that he used lethal force to resist sexual assault and was released. Gary Tyler was finally released in April 2016 after 41 years in prison.
The 1970s was the decade of losing the Park in his personal life. His family suffers from illness; she and her husband have been suffering from heartburn for years and both require hospitalization. Despite her constant fame and involvement, Park is not a wealthy woman. He donated most of his money from talking to civil rights, and living with the salaries of his staff and his husband's pensions. Medical bills and missed time from work cause financial pressures that require receiving help from church groups and admirers.
Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977, and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer in November. His personal trials caused him to be expelled from the civil rights movement. He learned from a newspaper about the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, who had been a close friend. The gardens suffered two fractures due to a fall on the cold sidewalk, an injury that caused considerable and repeated pain. He decided to move with his mother to an apartment for senior citizens. There he treated his mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92 years.
1980s
In 1980, Parks - a widow and without a close family - dedicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. He co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for senior high school students, where he donated most of the cost of the speaker. In February 1987 he co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute running a "Pathways to Freedom" bus tour that introduced young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites at the whole country.. The park also serves on the Planned Parenthood Advocate Council. Despite his declining health in his seventies, Parks continues to make many appearances and devote a lot of energy to this cause.
1990s
In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography devoted to younger readers, telling of her life that led to her decision to stay on the bus. A few years later, he published Quiet Strength (1995), his memoir, which focused on his faith.
At the age of 81 Park was robbed and assaulted at his home in central Detroit on August 30, 1994. The attacker, Joseph Skipper, broke down the door but claimed he had expelled an intruder. He asks for a gift and when Parks pays him, he asks for more. Parks refused and he attacked her. Wounded and deeply shaken, Park called a friend, who called the police. Environmental hunting led to Skipper's capture and reported beatings. Park was admitted to the Detroit Receiving Hospital for facial and swollen wounds on the right side of his face. Parks said of an attack by African-American men, "A lot of profit has been made... But as you can see, we still have a long way to go." Skipper was sentenced to 8 to 15 years and moved to prison in another state for his own safety.
Suffering anxiety after returning to a small house in central Detroit after a ordeal, the Park moved to Riverfront Towers, a secure high-rise apartment building. Learning Garden steps, the owner of Little Caesars, Mike Ilitch, offers to pay his home expenses for as long as necessary.
In 2016 Detroit Rosa's house was unloaded, moved to Berlin, and partly restored.
In 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied for a sponsorship of part of the United States Interstate 55 in St. Louis County and Jefferson County, Missouri, near St. Louis. Louis, for cleaning (which allows them to have signs stating that part of the highway is managed by the organization). Because the state can not refuse KKK sponsorship, Missouri's legislature chose to name the highway section of "Rosa Parks Highway". When asked how he felt about this honor, he reportedly commented, "It's always fun to think about."
In 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by Angel . It was his last appearance in the movie; The park began to suffer health problems due to old age.
2000s
In 2002, Park received eviction notice from his $ 1,800 per month apartment for non-payment of rent. Park is unable to manage its own current financial affairs due to age-related physical and mental deterioration. The rent was paid from a collection taken by the Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When the lease into arrears and future evictions were so publicized in 2004, executives of the proprietorship company announced that they had forgiven the lease back and would have allowed the Garden, at that time 91 and in very bad health, to live rent-free in the building for the rest of his life. Elaine Steele, manager of the Rosa Institute and the nonprofit Raymond Parks, told the newspaper that Park got the proper care, and that the eviction notice was sent wrongly in 2002. His heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that his financial affairs had been mismanaged..
Death and burial
The park died of natural causes on October 24, 2005, at the age of 92 years, in his apartment on the east side of Detroit. She and her husband never had children and she lived longer than her only brother. She survived by her sister-in-law (Raymond's sister), 13 nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of whom were residents of Michigan or Alabama.
City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that their city bus front seats will be provided with black ribbons in honor of the Park to his funeral. The coffin of the Park was flown to Montgomery and taken by a horse-drawn hearse to St. John's church. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME), where he was lying on the altar on October 29, 2005, wearing a church deacon's uniform.. A memorial service was held there the next morning. One of the speakers, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it was not for Parks, she would probably never become Secretary of State. At night, the coffin was transported to Washington, D.C. and transported on a bus similar to the one in which he protests, to salute the rotunda of the US Capitol.
Since the establishment of the practice in 1852, Park was the 31st man, the first American not yet a US government official, and the second person (after French planner Pierre L'Enfant) is honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second respected black man on the Capitol. An estimated 50,000 people saw the coffin there, and the show was aired on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at the AME Metropolitan Church in Washington, DC.
With his body and coffin back to Detroit, for two days, Park rested at the African American History Museum of Charles H. Wright. His funeral service lasted seven hours and was held on November 2, 2005, at Great Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honorary guard from the Michigan National Guard puts a US flag on top of the coffin and takes it to a horse-drawn hearse, intended to carry it, in the afternoon, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed thousands of people who saw the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and released the white balloon. The park was interred between her husband and mother at Woodlawn Cemetery in Detroit at the chapel's tomb. The chapel was renamed Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in his honor. The park had previously prepared and placed the headstone in selected locations with the words "Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913-."
Inheritance and honor
- 1976, Detroit renamed 12th Street "Rosa Parks Boulevard."
- 1979, the NAACP provides the Spingarn Medal Park, the highest honor,
- 1980, he received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award.
- 1983, he was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame for his achievements in civil rights.
- 1984, she received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women.
- 1990,
- The park was invited to be part of a group that welcomed Nelson Mandela after being released from prison in South Africa.
- The park is present as part of Interstate 475 outside Toledo, Ohio is named after the Park.
- 1992, he received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 1994, he received his honorary doctorate from Soka University in Tokyo, Japan.
- 1995, she received the Golden Plate Academy of Achievement Award in Williamsburg, Virginia.
- 1996, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor awarded by the US executive branch.
- 1998, he was the first to receive the International Freedom Conductor Award awarded by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center.
- 1999,
- he received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the US legislature, this medal bearing the legend of "Mother of the Modern Civil Rights Movement"
- she received the Freedom Award of the Windsor-Detroit Freedom Festival.
- Left named Taman one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century.
- President Bill Clinton honors him at his State of the Union address, saying, "She sat with the first woman tonight, and she might wake up or not when she chooses."
- 2000,
- the state of his home awarded him the Alabama Academy of Honor,
- he received the first Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage.
- He was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities around the world
- He is an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha.
- The Rosa Park Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery is dedicated to it.
- 2002, ulema
- Molefi Kete Asante listed the Park on the list of 100 Biggest African Americans .
- A portion of the Interstate 10 Expressway in Los Angeles is named in his honor.
- 2003, Bus no. 2857 where the Park was ridden restored and on display at The Henry Ford
- 2004, In the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named "Rosa Park Station".
- 2005,
- On October 30, 2005 President George W. Bush issued a statement ordering that all flags in the US public area both domestically and abroad be flown with half the staff on Parks' funeral day.
- Metro Transit in King County, Washington places posters and stickers dedicated to the first front seat of all the buses in the Park's memory shortly after his death,
- The American Public Transport Association declared Dec. 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of his arrest, to become a "National Transit Tribute to Rosa Garden Day".
- On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed the Pub.L. 109-116, directing that the Garden statue is placed in the National Capitol Sculpture Hall of the United States. In signing a resolution that directs the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President declares:
Rich media and interviews
- Appearance in C-SPAN
- "Rosa Parks Dies Civil Rights icon" - National Public Radio
- "Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks 1913-2005" - Democracy Now! democracynow.org
More
- Audio/video archive and full newspaper from Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Rosa Parks: a working class movement congress that ended Jim Crow
- print media reaction to Park death in the Newseum archive on front page images from 2005-10-25.
- Rosa Parks on IMDb
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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