Georgia ( Ã, ( listen ) ; Georgia: ?????????? , translit.: sakartvelo , IPA: Ã, [s? k? rt? v? l ?] Ã, ( listen ) ) is a country in the Region Caucasian from Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of West Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi. Georgia covers an area of ​​69,700 square kilometers (26,911 square meters), and the 2017 population is approximately 3.718 million. Georgia is a semi-presidential semi-presidential republic, with governments elected through representative democracy.
During the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia, such as Colchis, later known as Lazica and Iberia. The Georgians adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. General beliefs have a tremendous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states. The united kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter, the kingdom declined and was finally destroyed under the hegemony of various regional powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and the successive dynasties of Iran. At the end of the 18th century, the Kartli-Kakheti Empire in eastern Georgia formed an alliance with the Russian Empire, which directly annexed the empire in 1801 and conquered the western Imereti Empire in 1810. The Russian government of Georgia was finally recognized in various peace treaties with Iran and The Ottomans and the remaining Georgian territories were absorbed by the Russian Empire in small increments in the 19th century. During the Civil War following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Georgia briefly became part of the Transcaucasian Federation and subsequently emerged as an independent republic before the invasion of the Red Army in 1921 that constituted the government of the workers 'and peasants' soviets. The Georgian Soviets will be incorporated into the new Transcaucasian Federation which in 1922 will become the founding republic of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian Federation was dissolved and Georgia emerged as a Union Republic. During the Great Patriotic War, nearly 700,000 Georgians fought in the Red Army against the German invaders. After Soviet leader Josef Stalin, a native of Georgia, died in 1953, a wave of protests spread against Nikita Khrushchev and his de-Stalinist reform, which led to the death of nearly a hundred students in 1956. Since then, Georgia will have been damaged. with blatant corruption and increased government exile from the people.
In the 1980s, the Georgians were ready to leave the current system. A pro-independence movement led to the secession of the Soviet Union in April 1991. For much of the following decade, post-Soviet Georgia suffered from civil conflict, separatist war in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and the economic crisis. After the Bloodless Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia pursued pro-Western foreign policy; aimed at NATO and European integration, it introduced a series of democratic and economic reforms. It brings mixed results, but strengthens state institutions. The country's Western orientation soon led to a worsening relationship with Russia, culminating in the brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008 and disputes over current Georgian territories with Russia.
Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the Organization of GUAM for Democracy and Economic Development. It contains two independent de facto territories, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which gained very limited international recognition after the Russia-Georgia War of 2008. Georgia and most of the world's nations regarded the territory as under Georgian territory the Russian occupation.
Video Georgia (country)
Etimologi
"Georgia" probably comes from Persian descriptions from Georgia - gur ?? n , in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted through the Syriac gurz-? N / gurz -iy? n and Arabic ? ur? an /? urzan . Knowledge-based theories are given by traveler Jacques de Vitry, who explains the origin of the name based on the popularity of St. George is among the Georgians, while traveler Jean Chardin thinks that "Georgia" comes from the Greek ??????? ("tiller"). As Prof. Alexander Mikaberidze adds, this long-time explanation for the word Georgia/Georgia rejected by the scientific community, which pointed to the Persian word gur?/Gur ?? n ("wolf") as the root word. Starting with Persian word gur?/Gur ?? n , the word was later adopted in other languages, including Slavic and Western Europe. This term itself may have been established through the ancient Iranian designation of the near-Caspian region, referred to as Gorgan ("wolf land").
The original name is Sakartvelo (??????????? "Tanah Karteria"), originating from the core area of ​​the Kartli, Georgia center, recorded from the 9th century, and extended use refers throughout the medieval Georgian Empire in the 13th century. The self-appointment used by ethnic Georgians is Kartvelebi (?????????, ie "Kartvelians").
The medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of Kartvelians, Kartlos, great-grandchild of Japheth. However, experts agree that the word is derived from Karts , the latter being one of the proto-Georgia tribes that emerged as the dominant group in ancient times. The name Sakartvelo (??????????) consists of two parts. Its roots, kartvel-i (?????????), define residents in the middle-eastern region of Georgia Kartli, or Iberia as it is known in Eastern Rum sources. The Ancient Greeks (Strabo, Herodotus, Plutarch, Homer, etc.) Call early Georgian people as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians ( Iberoi in some Greek sources).
Today, the official name of the country is "Georgia", as mentioned in the official English version of the Georgian constitution which reads "Georgia is the name of the State of Georgia." Before the 1995 constitution came into effect the name of the country was Republic of Georgia .
Maps Georgia (country)
History
Prehistoric
The territory of modern Georgian state is inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era. Proto-Georgian tribes first appeared in written history in the 12th century BC. The earliest evidence of wine to date has been found in Georgia, where an 8000 year old wine bottle was discovered. Archaeological findings and references in ancient sources also reveal elements of early political and state formation characterized by advanced metallurgical and gold techniques dating from the 7th century BC and beyond. In fact, early metallurgy began in Georgia for 6 millennia BC, related to the Shul-Shomu culture.
Antiquity
The classic period saw the emergence of a number of early Georgian states, mainly Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east. In Greek mythology, Colchis is the location of the Golden Fleece sought by Jason and Argonauts in the epic epic of Apollonius Rhodius Argonautica . The incorporation of the Golden Fleece into myths may come from local practice using fleeces to filter gold dust from the river. In the 4th century BC, an Iberian empire - an early example of developed country organizations under one king and aristocratic hierarchy - was established.
After the Roman Republic completed its brief conquest of what is now Georgia in 66 BC, the area became the main objective of what would eventually become more than 700 years of protracted Iran-Roman geo-political rivalry and war. From the first centuries A, the Mithras cult, pagan beliefs, and Zoroastrianism were commonly practiced in Georgia. In 337 CE King Mirian III proclaimed Christianity as a state religion, providing a great stimulus to the development of literature, art, and ultimately playing a key role in the formation of a united Georgian nation, The acceptance led to a decadent but steady decline of Zoroastrianism, which until the 5th century AD has become something like a second established religion in Iberia (east Georgia), and is widely practiced there.
Medieval to Early Modern Period
Located at the crossroads of prolonged Roman-Persian warfare, the early Georgian empires were destroyed into feudal territories in the early Middle Ages. This makes it easier for the remaining Georgian territory to fall prey to Muslim conquests in the 7th century. After the capture of Tbilisi in 645, refugees from Iberia took refuge in the West, either in Abkhazia or Tao-Klarjeti, and brought their culture there.
An Arab attack to western Georgia, rejected by Abkhazian prince Leon I along with allies of Lazic and Iberia in 736 and united the realms of Lazic and Abkhazian through the dinastic union. Heading for about 786, Leon II won full independence from the Byzantines. The increasingly expansionist tendency of the empire led to the expansion of its territory to the east. The western Georgian Church broke away from Constantinople and recognized the authority of the Mtskheta Catholics, which eventually resulted in further unification of the state of Georgia and the establishment of the Georgian Orthodox Church. The language of the church in Abkhazia shifted from Greek into Georgian, as Byzantine power declined and doctrinal differences vanished. It is no coincidence that the process of unification of Georgia in a single feudal kingdom begins with the struggle of the Abkhazian empire against the Byzantines, fighting for hegemony within the territory of Georgia.
The extinction of different Iberian royal dynasties, such as Guaramid and Chosroids, and also the Abbasids with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire, made the Bagrationi family grow to prominence. The head of the Bagrationi Ashot I dynasty, who had migrated to the southwestern region of Iberia, came to rule Tao-Klarjeti and restore the Iberian Kingdom in 813.
Despite the revitalization of the monarchy, Georgian land remains divided among competing rulers, with Tbilisi remaining in Arab hands. The son and grandson of Ashot I form three separate branches - the lines of Kartli, Tao, and Klarjeti - often wrestling with each other and with the neighboring rulers. The line of Kartli wins; in 888, with Adarnase I, it restored the native Georgian royal authority that was dormant since 580. Bagrat III's descendants were able to consolidate his legacy in Tao-Klarjeti and the Kingdom of Abkhazia, primarily because of the diplomacy and conquest of his energetic adoptive father. David III of Tao.
The stage of the development of feudalism and the struggle against the common colonists as much as the common beliefs of various Georgian states has enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of the Georgian feudal monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty in the 11th century.
The kingdom of Georgia reached its peak in the 12th century until the beginning of the 13th century. This period during the reign of David IV ( c. 1089-1125) and his granddaughter's tamar ( c. 1184-1213) widely referred to as the Georgian Golden Age or the Georgian Renaissance. This early Georgian Renaissance, which preceded its Western European analog, is characterized by impressive military victories, territorial expansion, and cultural revival in architecture, literature, philosophy, and science. The Golden Age of Georgia leaves behind the legacy of the great cathedral, romantic and literary poetry, and epic poetry "Knights in Panther Skin", the latter being considered a national epic.
David suppressed feudal dissent and concentrated power in his hands to effectively deal with foreign threats. In 1121, he convincedly defeated the larger Turkish troops during the Battle of Didgori and freed Tbilisi.
The 29-year reign of Tamar, the first female ruler in Georgia, is considered the most successful in Georgia's history. Tamar is given the title of "king of kings" ( mepe mepeta ). He managed to neutralize the opposition and embark on an energetic foreign policy aided by the fall of the Seljuk and Byzantine rival forces. Backed by a strong military, Tamar was able to build on the success of his predecessors to consolidate a kingdom that dominates the Caucasus, and extends to a large section of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and eastern Turkey today as well as parts of northern Iran, until the collapse under Mongol attack in two decades after Tamar's death in 1213.
The rise of the Georgian Empire was re-established after Tbilisi was captured and destroyed by Khwarezmian leader Jalal ad-Din in 1226. The Mongols were expelled by George V of Georgia, the son of Demetrius II of Georgia, who was named "Brilliant" for his role in restoring Christian power and culture in country before. George V is the last major king of the unified Georgia state. After his death, different local rulers fought for their independence from the central government of Georgia, until the total disintegration of the Kingdom in the 15th century. Georgia was further undermined by some catastrophic invasion by Tamerlane. The invasion continued, giving the empire no time for recuperation, with both Black and White goat Turks continuing to invade their southern provinces. As a result, the Georgian Empire collapsed into anarchy in 1466 and split into three independent kingdoms and five semi-independent kingdoms. The adjacent large kingdoms then exploited the internal divisions of the undermined state, and began in the 16th century until the end of the 18th century, Safavid Iran (and successive Iranian dynasties Afsharid and Qajar) and Ottoman Turks subdivided the eastern and western regions of Georgia , each..
The regional rulers who remained part of the insurgency were autonomously organized on various occasions. However, the invasion of Iran and the Ottomans further weakened the kingdom and the local area. As a result of incessant wars and deportations, the population of Georgia was reduced to 250,000 inhabitants by the end of the 18th century. East Georgia (Safavid Georgia), which comprises the territory of Kartli and Kakheti, has been under Iranian rule since 1555 after the Amasya Peace was signed with Turkey's Ottoman Empire next door to Turkey. With the death of Nader Shah in 1747, the two kingdoms escaped Iranian control and reunited through personal unity under the energetic King Heraclius II in 1762. Heraclius, who had risen to prominence through the Iranian ranks, was awarded the crown of Kartli by Nader himself in 1744 for loyal service to him. Heraclius kept stabilizing East Georgia to a level within the next period and was able to guarantee autonomy throughout the Iranian Zand period.
In 1783, Russia and the Kartli-Kakheti Empire in eastern Georgia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, where Georgia ruled out dependence on Persia or other powers, and made the kingdom a protectorate of Russia, which ensured Georgian territorial integrity and its continuation. ruled the Bagrationi dynasty in return for a prerogative in Georgian foreign affairs.
However, despite this commitment to defend Georgia, Russia provided no assistance when Iran invaded in 1795, capturing and sacking Tbilisi while massacring its inhabitants, as the new heir to the throne seeking to reaffirm Iran's hegemony over Georgia. Although a punitive campaign was later launched against Qajar Iran in 1796, this period culminated in 1801 Russian violations of the Georgievsk Treaty and the annexation of eastern Georgia, followed by the abolition of the royal Bagrationi dynasty, as well as otcephaly from the Orthodox of Georgia. Church. Pyotr Bagration, one of the descendants of Bagrationi's abolished house, would later join the Russian army and rise to become a prominent general in the Napoleonic wars.
Georgia in the Russian Empire
On December 22, 1800, Tsar Paul I of Russia, on the alleged request of the King of Georgia George XII, signed a proclamation of the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, settled by a decision on 8 January 1801., and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801. The royal family of Bagrationi was deported from the kingdom. The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a protest note conveyed to the vice-rector of Russia, Prince Kurakin. In May 1801, under the supervision of General Carl Heinrich von Knorring, the Russian Empire transferred power in east Georgia to the government led by General Ivan Petrovich Lazarev. The Georgian nobles did not accept the decision until April 12, 1802, when Knorring gathered the nobles at Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath in the Crown of the Russian Empire. Those who disagree are temporarily arrested.
In the summer of 1805, Russian troops in the Askerani River near Zagam defeated the Iranian army during the Russian-Persian War (1804-1813) and rescued Tbilisi from the present conquest that was officially part of the Empire. Russian sovereignty over east Georgia was formally settled with Iran in 1813 following the Treaty of Gulistan. After the annexation of eastern Georgia, the western Georgian empire of Imereti was annexed by Tsar Alexander I. The last Imeretian King and last Cypriot Bagrationi ruler, Solomon II, died in exile in 1815, after attempts to rally people against Russia and called for foreign support for the latter, -drain. From 1803 to 1878, as a result of much of the present Russian war against the Ottoman Turks, some previously lost Georgian territories - such as Adjara - were rediscovered, and also incorporated into the empire. The Kingdom of Guria was abolished and incorporated into the Empire in 1829, while Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1858. Mingrelia, though a Russian protectorate since 1803, was not absorbed until 1867.
Declaration of independence
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Federation of Transcaucasian Democracy was established with Nikolay Chkheidze acting as its president. The Federation consists of three countries: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. When the Ottomans advanced to the Caucasus region of the collapsed Russian Empire, Georgia declared independence on May 26, 1918. The Menshevik Social Democratic Party of Georgia won parliamentary elections and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister. Despite the Soviet takeover, Noe Jordan was recognized as the legitimate head of Georgian government by France, Britain, Belgium and Poland during the 1930s.
The Georgian-Armenian War of 1918, which erupted in parts of the largely populated Georgian province of Georgia, ended with British intervention. In 1918-1919, General Georgia Giorgi Mazniashvili led an attack on the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for an independent Georgia. The country's independence did not last long. Georgia was under British protection from 1918-1920.
Georgia in the Soviet Union
In February 1921, during the Russian Civil War, the Red Army advanced to Georgia and brought the local Bolshevik in power. The Georgian army was defeated and the Social Democratic government left the country. On February 25, 1921, the Red Army entered Tbilisi and formed the government of the workers and peasants' soviets with Filipp Makharadze as acting head of state. Georgia was incorporated into the Socialist Republic of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federation, along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, in 1921 which in 1922 would become a founding member of the Soviet Union.
There is still a significant opposition to the Bolsheviks in Georgia, which is not industrialized and is seen as a social decline, and this culminated in the August 1924 Uprising. The Soviet government was firmly established only after the uprising was quickly defeated. Georgia will remain the fringe of an unprocessed Soviet Union until the first five-year plan when it will become a major center for textile goods. Then, in 1936, the TSFSR was disbanded and Georgia emerged as a united republic: the Soviet Republican Socialist Republic.
Joseph Stalin, an ethnic Georgian born Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili (???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Stalin rose to the highest position, leading the Soviet Union from 3 April 1922 until his death on 5 March 1953.
In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union immediately to the oil fields and Caucasian ammunition mills. They never reached Georgia, and nearly 700,000 Georgians fought in the Red Army to drive the invaders and advance to Berlin. Among them, an estimated 350,000 were killed.
After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev became leader of the Soviet Union and implemented a de-Stalinization policy. It is not in a more open and violently opposed place than it was in Georgia, where in 1956 riots broke out after Khruschev's public outcry against Stalin and caused the death of nearly 100 students.
Throughout the remainder of the Soviet period, the Georgian economy continued to grow and experienced a significant increase, although it increasingly showed the striking corruption and exclusion of the government from the people. With the beginning of perestroika in 1986, the Communist leadership of Georgia proved incapable of dealing with the changes that most Georgians, including the rank in the Communist file, concluded that the only way forward was the pause of the existing Soviet system.
Georgia after the restoration of independence
On April 9, 1991, shortly before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Supreme Council of Georgia declared independence after a referendum held on 31 March 1991. On May 26, 1991, Gamsakhurdia was elected the first independent President of Georgia. Gamsakhurdia sparked Georgian nationalism and vowed to assert Tbilisi's authority over areas such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia that had been classified as an autonomous oblast under the Soviet Union.
He was soon overthrown in bloody ties, from December 22, 1991 to January 6, 1992. The coup was triggered by a section of the National Guard and a paramilitary organization called "Mkhedrioni" ("horseman "). The country became involved in a fierce civil war that lasted until almost 1995. Eduard Shevardnadze (Soviet Foreign Minister from 1985 to 1991) returned to Georgia in 1992 and joined coup leaders Tengiz Kitovani and Jaba Ioseliani - to lead a triad called the "State Council".
The spatial debates in two regions of Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, between local separatists and the majority of Georgians, erupted into widespread violence and widespread ethnic warfare. Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia reached Georgia's de facto independence, with Georgia retaining control only in small areas of disputed territory. In 1995, Shevardnadze was officially elected president of Georgia.
During the War in Abkhazia (1992-1993), some 230,000 to 250,000 Georgians were expelled from Abkhazia by Abkhazian separatists and North Caucasus volunteers (including Chechens). About 23,000 Georgians fled South Ossetia as well, and many Ossetian families were forced to leave their homes in the Borjomi region and move to Russia.
In 2003, Shevardnadze (who won reelection in 2000) was overthrown by the Rose Revolution, after the Georgian opposition and international monitors confirmed that November 2 parliamentary elections were marred by fraud. The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze, former members and leader of the ruling party at Shevardnadze. Mikheil Saakashvili was elected President of Georgia in 2004.
After the Rose Revolution, a series of reforms were launched to strengthen the country's military and economic capabilities. The new government's attempts to reaffirm Georgian authorities in the republic of Ajaria's southwestern autonomy caused a major crisis in early 2004. Success at Ajaria prompted Saakashvili to intensify its efforts, but to no avail, in breakaway South Ossetia.
These events, along with allegations of Georgian involvement in the Second Chechen War, resulted in the deterioration of relations with Russia, also spurred by Russia's open help and support to two separatist regions. Although this relationship became increasingly difficult, in May 2005, Georgia and Russia reached a bilateral agreement in which Russian military bases (dating back to the Soviet era) in Batumi and Akhalkalaki were withdrawn. Russia withdrew all personnel and equipment from these sites in December 2007 while failing to withdraw from the Gudauta base in Abkhazia, which was required to be vacated after the adoption of the Conventional Armed Forces Adapted in the European Treaty during the Istanbul Summit 1999.
The Russo-Georgian War and since
Tensions between Georgia and Russia began to rise in April 2008. The bomb blast on August 1, 2008 targeted cars carrying Georgian peacekeepers. South Ossetia was responsible for inciting this incident, which marked the opening of hostilities and wounded five Georgian soldiers. In response, several South Ossetian militia were hit. South Ossetia separatists began shooting at Georgian villages on 1 August. This artillery attack caused Georgian soldiers to return regularly from 1 August.
At around 7:00 pm on August 7, 2008, the Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili announced a unilateral ceasefire and called for peace talks. However, the increasing attacks on Georgian villages (located in the South Ossetian conflict zone) were soon matched by firing from Georgian troops, who then proceeded to move toward the self-proclaimed capital of the South Ossetian Republic (Tskhinvali). night August 8, reached its center on the morning of 8 August. A Georgian diplomat told Russian newspaper Kommersant on August 8 that by taking control of Tskhinvali, Tbilisi wanted to show that Georgia would not tolerate the killing of Georgians. According to Russian military expert Pavel Felgenhauer, the Ossetian provocation is aimed at triggering a Georgian response, which is necessary as a pretext for the planned Russian military invasion. According to Georgian intelligence, and some Russian media reports, parts of the Russian Army (non-peacekeepers) have moved to South Ossetia through the Roki Tunnel before Georgian military action.
Russia accused Georgia of "aggression against South Ossetia", and launched a massive land, air, and sea invasion of Georgia under the pretext of "peace enforcement" operations on August 8, 2008. Russian air strikes against targets within the Georgian region were also launched. The Abkhazian army opened its second front on August 9 by attacking Kodori Gorge, held by Georgia. Tskhinvali was captured by the Russian military on August 10. Russian troops occupied Georgian cities in Zugdidi, Senaki, Poti, and Gori (the latter after the ceasefire agreement was negotiated). Russia's Black Sea Fleet blockaded the coast of Georgia.
An ethnic cleansing campaign against Georgians in South Ossetia was carried out by South Ossetia, with Georgian villages around Tskhinvali destroyed after the war ended. The war left 192,000 people displaced, and while many could return to their homes after the war, a year later some 30,000 Georgians remained displaced. In an interview published in Kommersant , South Ossetian leader Eduard Kokoity said he would not allow Georgia to return.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated a ceasefire agreement on August 12, 2008. On August 17, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev announced that Russian troops would begin withdrawing from Georgia the next day. Russia recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia as a separate republic on 26 August. In response to Russia's recognition, the Georgian government broke off diplomatic ties with Russia. Russian troops abandoned buffer zones bordering Abkhazia and South Ossetia on October 8 and the EU Monitoring Mission in Georgia were sent to buffer zones. Since the war, Georgia has maintained that Abkhazia and South Ossetia are the territory of Georgia occupied by Russia.
Government and politics
Georgia is representative of a democratic semi-presidential republic, with the President as head of state, and Prime Minister as head of government. The executive power branch consists of the President and the Georgia Cabinet. The Cabinet consists of ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, and appointed by the President. In particular, the Minister of Defense and the Interior is not a member of the Cabinet and subordinated directly to the President of Georgia. Giorgi Margvelashvili is the current President of Georgia after winning 62.12% of the vote in the 2013 election. Since 2015, Giorgi Kvirikashvili has been Prime Minister of Georgia.
The legislative authority is held in the Georgian Parliament. It is unicameral and has 150 members, known as deputies, of whom 75 are elected by plurality to represent single-member districts, and 75 are elected to represent parties with proportional representation. MPs are elected for a term of four years. The five parties and electoral blocs have elected representatives for parliament in the 2008 elections: the United National Movement (the ruling party), the Joint Opposition, the Democratic-Christian Party, the Labor Party and the Republican Party. On May 26, 2012, Saakashvili inaugurated the new Parliament building in the western city of Kutaisi, in an attempt to decentralize power and shift some political control closer to Abkhazia. The election in October 2012 resulted in a victory for the Georgian Dream - Democratic Georgia coalition, which President Saakashvili admitted the following day.
Although much progress has been made since Rose's revolution, former President Mikheil Saakashvili stated in 2008 that Georgia is still not a "fully formed, crystallized society." The political system remains in the process of transition, with frequent adjustments to the balance of power between the President and Parliament, and opposition proposals ranging from turning the country into a parliamentary republic to rebuild the monarchy. Observers noted a deficit of trust in relations between the Government and the opposition.
There are differences of opinion about the degree of political freedom in Georgia. Saakashvili believed in 2008 that the country was "on the road to European democracy." Freedom House lists Georgia as a partially free country.
In preparation for the 2012 parliamentary elections, Parliament adopted a new electoral code on 27 December 2011 which included numerous recommendations from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the Venice Commission. However, the new code fails to address the Venetian Commission's main recommendations to strengthen equality of votes by rebuilding single election mandate districts to be comparable in size. On December 28, Parliament changed the Law on Political Unions to organize campaign funding and political parties. Local and international observers raised concerns about some changes, including unclear criteria for determining political bribery and which individuals and organizations should be subject to the law. In March 2012, Parliament is discussing further amendments to address the issue.
Foreign relations
Georgia maintains good relations with its immediate neighbors (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey) and is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization, the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Democratic Choice Communities, Organizations GUAM for Democracy and Economic Development, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Asian Development Bank. Georgia also maintains political, economic and military ties with France, Germany, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Ukraine, the United States and many other countries.
The growing influence of the EU and the EU in Georgia, mainly through proposed EU and NATO membership, US military aid programs and Army Training, and the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline have often strained Tbilisi's relations with Moscow. Georgia's decision to increase its presence in coalition troops in Iraq is an important initiative.
Georgia is currently working to become a full member of NATO. In August 2004, the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was formally handed over to NATO. On October 29, 2004, the Atlantic Atlantic Council approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) of Georgia, and Georgia switched to the second stage of Euro-Atlantic Integration. In 2005, with the decision of the President of Georgia, a state commission was formed to implement the Individual Partnership Action Plan, which presents an interdepartmental group led by the Prime Minister. The Commission is assigned to coordinate and control the implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan.
On 14 February 2005, an agreement on the appointment of a partnership partnership (PfP) between Georgia and NATO came into force, in which the South Caucasus liaison officer was assigned to Georgia. On March 2, 2005, the agreement was signed on the provision of host country support and transit of NATO forces and NATO personnel. On March 6-9, 2006, an interim assessment team of IPAP implementation arrived in Tbilisi. On 13 April 2006, a discussion of the assessment report on the implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters, in format 26 1. In 2006, the Georgian parliament unanimously approved a bill calling for Georgia integration into NATO. The majority of Georgians and politicians in Georgia support the impetus for NATO membership.
George W. Bush became the first US president to sit down to visit the country. The road leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Bush Avenue. On October 2, 2006, Georgia and the European Union signed a joint statement on the text of the Georgia-Europe Joint Action Plan agreed on in the European Environmental Policy (ENP). The Action Plan was officially approved at the EU-Georgia Cooperation Council session on November 14, 2006, in Brussels. In June 2014, the EU and Georgia signed the Association Agreement, which came into force on 1 July 2016. On December 13, 2016, the EU and Georgia reached an agreement on visa liberalization for Georgians. On February 27, 2017, the Council adopted a regulation on visa liberalization for Georgia traveling to the EU for a period of 90 days in any 180-day period.
Military
The Georgian military is organized into ground and air forces. They are collectively known as Georgia Armed Forces (GAF). The mission and function of GAF is based on the Georgia Constitution, the Georgian National Military Defense and Strategic Act, and an international agreement signed by Georgia. They are conducted under the guidance and authority of the Ministry of Defense. Georgia's military budget for 2017 is 748? million, by 78? million more than in 2016. The largest share, 62.5% of the military budget is allocated to maintain armored strength and potential development. After independence from the Soviet Union, Georgia began to develop its own military industry. The first exhibition of products made by STC DELTA in 1999. STC DELTA now manufactures a variety of military equipment, including armored vehicles, artillery systems, aviation systems, personal protective equipment, and small arms.
During the next period of the Iraq War, Georgia has 2,000 troops serving in the Multi-National Forces. Georgia also participated in the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. With 1,560 troops by 2013, at that time it is the largest and largest contributor of non-NATO forces per capita. More than 11,000 Georgian troops have been rotated through Afghanistan. By 2015, 31 Georgian soldiers have been killed in Afghanistan, mostly during the Helmand campaign, and 435 people were injured, including 35 amputees.
Law enforcement
In Georgia, law enforcement is done and provided by the Georgian Ministry of the Interior. In recent years, the Georgian Ministry of Interior Patrol Police Department has undergone a radical transformation, with the police now absorbing many of the tasks previously undertaken by dedicated independent government agencies. New duties undertaken by the police include border security and customs functions and the provision of contracted security; the last function performed by a special 'security police'. Intelligence collection for the benefit of national security is now part of the Georgian Intelligence Service.
In 2005, President Mikheil Saakashvili dismissed all traffic police forces (numbering about 30,000 police officers) from the Georgia National Police for corruption. A new power is then built around a new member. The International Narcotics Bureau and US State Department Law Enforcement Affairs have provided assistance to training efforts and continue to act in advisory capacity.
The newly introduced Patruli troop was first introduced in the summer of 2005 to replace the traffic police, a force accused of widespread corruption. Police introduced emergency shipping service 022 (currently 112) in 2004.
Human rights
Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the state constitution. There is an independent human rights defendant elected by the Georgian Parliament to ensure that these rights are upheld. Georgia has ratified the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 2005. The NGO "Tolerance", in its alternative report on its implementation, speaks of a rapid decline in the number of Azerbaijan schools and cases of principals' appointments to Azerbaijan schools that do not speak the language Azerbaijan.
The government was criticized for allegedly using excessive force on May 26, 2011 when they dispersed protesters led by Nino Burjanadze, among others, with tear gas and rubber bullets after they refused to clean up Rustaveli road for the independence parade despite the expiration of their demonstration permits and although offered to choose alternative places. While human rights activists claimed that the protest was peaceful, the government showed that many protesters were masked and armed with large sticks and molotov liquor. Georgian opposition leader Nino Burjanadze said the allegations of plotting the coup were unfounded, and that the demonstrators' actions were legitimate.
Administrative division
Georgia is divided into 9 regions, 1 city, and 2 autonomous republics. This in turn is divided into 67 districts and 12 self-governing cities.
Georgia contains two official autonomous regions, one of which has declared independence. Officially autonomous in Georgia, the independent de facto region of Abkhazia declared independence in 1999. In addition, other areas not officially autonomous have also declared independence. South Ossetia was officially recognized by Georgia as the Tskinvali region, for its "South Ossetia" view as implying political ties with Russia's North Ossetia. It was called Autonomous Southern Autonomy when Georgia was part of the Soviet Union. His autonomous status was lifted in 1990. De facto separated since Georgia's independence, an offer was made to grant South Ossetia autonomy again, but in 2006 an unacknowledged referendum in the region produced a vote for independence.
In both Abkhazia and South Ossetia, many people have been given Russian passports, partly through the process of forced passports by Russian authorities. It was used as a justification for Russia's invasion of Georgia during the South Ossetian war of 2008, after which Russia recognized the territory's independence. Georgia considers the region occupied by Russia. Both republics have received minimal international recognition.
Adjara under local strongman Aslan Abashidze maintains close ties with Russia and allows Russian military bases to be maintained in Batumi. After the election of Mikheil Saakashvili in 2004, tensions escalated between Abashidze and the Georgian government, which led to demonstrations in Adjara and Abashidze's resignation and escape. This region retains its autonomy, as a sign of Ajaria's reconnection with Georgia's central government, Georgia Constitutional Court moved from T'bilisi to Batumi.
Geography and climate
Georgia is mostly located in the Southern Caucasus, while parts of the country are also located in the North Caucasus. The country lies between latitude 41 Â ° and 44 Â ° LU, and longitudes 40 Â ° and 47 Â ° E, with an area of ​​67,900 km 2 (26.216Ã, sqÃ, mi). It is a very mountainous country. The Likhi range divides the country into the east and west. Historically, the western part of Georgia is known as Colchis while the eastern plains are called Iberia. Due to the complicated geographical setting, the mountains also isolate northern Svaneti territory from all over Georgia.
The Greater Caucasus Mountains form the northern border of Georgia. The main road through the mountains to the Russian region leads through the Roki Tunnel between Shida Kartli and North Ossetia and the Darial Gorge (in the Georgian Khevi region). The Roki tunnel is very important for the Russian military in the Russia-Georgia War of 2008 as this is the only direct route through the Caucasus Mountains. The southern part of the country is limited by the Small Caucasus Mountains. The Greater Caucasus Mountains are much taller than the Lessus Caucasus Mountains, with the highest peaks rising over 5,000 meters (16,404 feet) above sea level.
The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,068 meters (16,627 ft), and the second highest is Mount Janga (Dzhangi-Tau) at 5,099 m (16,598 ft) above sea level. Other prominent peaks include Mount Kazbek at 5,047 m (16,558 ft), Shota Rustaveli 4,860 m (15,945 ft), Tetnuldi 4,858 m (15,938 ft), Gn. Ushba 4,700 m (15,420 ft), and Ailama 4,547 m (14,918 ft). From the summit mentioned above, only Kazbek comes from a volcano. The area between Kazbek and Shkhara (a distance of about 200 km (124 miles) along the Main Caucasus Range) is dominated by many glaciers. Of the 2,100 glaciers present in the Caucasus, about 30% are located in Georgia.
The term small Caucasian Mountains is often used to describe the highland (mountainous) areas of southern Georgia that are connected to the Larger Caucasus Mountains by the Likhi Range. The area can be divided into two separate sub-regions; Small Caucasus Mountains, parallel to the Great Caucasus Mountains, and the Southern Georgia Volcanic Highlands, which lie just south of the Little Caucasus Mountains.
The whole region can be characterized as consisting of various, interconnected mountains (mostly volcanic origin) and a plateau that does not exceed 3,400 meters (11,155 ft) at altitude. The prominent features in this area include the Javakheti Volcanic Highlands, the lake, including Tabatskuri and Paravani, as well as mineral water and hot springs. The two main rivers in Georgia are Rioni and Mtkvari. The Southern Georgia Volcanic Plateau is a young and unstable geological region with high seismic activity and has experienced some of the most significant earthquakes that have been recorded in Georgia.
The Krubera Cave is the most recognizable cave in the world. It is located in Massif Arabica of the Gagra Range, in Abkhazia. In 2001, the Russian-Ukrainian team has set a world depth record for a cave at 1,710 meters (5,610 feet). In 2004, the depth of penetration increased on each of the three expeditions, when the Ukrainian team crossed the 2,000 meter mark (6,562 ft) for the first time in the history of speleology. In October 2005, an unexplored piece was discovered by the CAVEX team, further increasing the known cave depth. This expedition confirmed the known cave depth at 2,140 meters (7,021 ft).
Topography
The landscape within the borders of the country varies considerably. The western landscape of Georgia ranges from lowland swamp forests, swamps and temperate rainforests to eternal snow and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains. Forests cover about 40% of Georgia's territory while the alpine/subalpine zone accounts for about 10% of the land.
Much of the natural habitat in the lowland areas of western Georgia has been lost for the last 100 years due to agricultural developments from land and urbanization. Most of the forests covering the Colchis plains are now virtually absent with the exception of areas that are included in national parks and reserves (eg Lake Paliastomi area). Currently, forest cover is generally located outside the lowlands and is mainly located along the foothills and mountains. The Western Georgia Forest consists mainly of deciduous trees below 600 meters (1,969 feet) above sea level and contains species such as oak, hornbeam, beech, elm, ash, and chestnut. Green species such as boxes can also be found in many areas. Ca. 1000 of the 4000 higher Georgian plants are endemic in the country.
The slopes of the center of the Meskheti Mountains in Ajaria and several locations in Samegrelo and Abkhazia are covered by the medium rainforest. Between 600-1,000 meters (1,969-3,281Ã,f) above sea level, fallen jungle mixes with broad-leaved species and includes the type of needle tree that forms plant life. These zones are mainly comprised of beech, spruce, and fir forest. From 1,500-1,800 meters (4,921-5,906 feet), forests become many coniferous. The tree line generally ends at about 1,800 meters (5.906 ft) and the alpine take over, which is in most areas, extends to a height of 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) above sea level. The eternal snow and the glacier zone lie above the 3,000-meter line.
East Georgia Landscapes (referring to the eastern region of the Likhi Range) are very different from the western regions, though, much like the Colchis plains in the west, almost all of the lowlands in eastern Georgia including Mtkvari and Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes. Moreover, because of its relatively dry climate in the region, some lowlands (especially in Kartli and Kakheti south-east) were never covered by forests in the first place.
The eastern landscape of Georgia consists of many valleys and canyons separated by mountains. In contrast to western Georgia, nearly 85 percent of the region's forests are changing leaves. Coniferous forest only dominates in the Borjomi Valley and in extreme western regions. Of the deciduous tree species, beech, oak, and hornbeam dominate. Other fall species include several varieties of maple, aspen, ash, and candlenut. The Upper Alazani River Valley contains a yew forest.
At higher altitudes above 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) above sea level (especially in the Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Khevi areas), pine and birch forests dominate. In general, forests in eastern Georgia occur between 500-2,000 meters (1,640-6,562 ft) above sea level, with alpine zones extending from 2,000-2,300 to 3,000-3,500 meters (6,562-7,546 to 9,843-11,483 ft).. The only remaining lowland forest in Alazani Kakheti Valley. The eternal snow and glacier zone is located above the 3,500 meter (11,483 ft) line in much of eastern Georgia.
Climate
The climate of Georgia is very diverse, given its small size. There are two main climate zones, roughly corresponding to the eastern and western parts of the country. The Greater Caucasus Mountains play an important role in moderating Georgia's climate and protecting the country from the cold air mass penetration from the north. The small Caucasus Mountains protect some of the area from the influence of the masses of dry and hot air from the south.
Much of western Georgia is located on the northern outskirts of the humid subtropical zone with annual rainfall ranging from 1,000 to 4,000 mm (39.4-157.5 inches). Rainfall tends to be evenly distributed throughout the year, although rainfall can be very heavy during the Autumn months. The climate in this region varies significantly with altitude and while many lowland areas in western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountain areas (including the Greater Mountains and Lesser Caucasus) experience a cold, wet summer and snowy snow season (snow cover often exceeding 2 meters in many areas). Ajaria is the wettest area in the Caucasus, where Mt. The Mtirala rainforest, east of Kobuleti, receives about 4,500 mm (177.2 in) rainfall per year.
East Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropics to the continent. The weather patterns in this region are influenced both by the dried Caspian air mass from the air masses of the Eastern Black and the moist from the west. The penetration of moist air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by the mountains (Likhi and Meskheti) that separate the eastern and western parts of the country. Annual rainfall is much less than in western Georgia and ranges from 400 to 1600 mm (15.7-63.0 inches).
The wettest periods generally occur during spring and autumn, while winter and summer tend to be the driest. Most of the eastern region of Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in lowland areas) and relatively cold winters. As in the western part of the country, altitude plays an important role in eastern Georgia where climatic conditions above 1,500 meters (4,921 ft) are much colder than in lowland areas. Areas that are above 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) often experience ice even during the summer.
Biodiversity
Due to its high landscape diversity and low latitude, Georgia is home to some 5,601 species of animals, including 648 vertebrate species (more than 1% of species found worldwide) and many of these species are endemic. A number of large carnivores live in forests, namely brown bears, wolves, lynxes, and Caucasian leopards. The common pheasant (also known as Pheanant Colchian) is a Georgian endemic bird that has been widely introduced around the world as an important game bird. The number of invertebrate species is considered very high but the data is distributed in a large number of publications. The Georgia spider checklist, for example, includes 501 species.
Slightly more than 6,500 species of fungi, including species that make up moss, have been recorded from Georgia, but this number is far from complete. The actual number of mushroom species occurring in Georgia, including unrecorded species, is likely to be much higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about seven percent of all fungi in the world so far have been found. Although the amount of information available is still very small, a first attempt has been made to estimate the number of endemic fungi species in Georgia, and 2595 species have been identified tentatively as endemic to the country as possible. 1,729 plant species have been recorded from Georgia in relation to the fungus. The actual number of plant species occurring in Georgia tends to be much higher.
Economy
Archaeological research shows that Georgia has been involved in trade with many lands and kingdoms since ancient times, mostly because of its location on the Black Sea and later on the historic Silk Road. Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. The Georgia wine making is a very old tradition and is a key branch of the country's economy. The country has considerable water resources. Throughout history agriculture and modern tourism Georgia has become a major economic sector, due to the climate and topography of the country.
For much of the 20th century, the Georgian economy was in the model of Soviet command economy. Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Georgia embarked on major structural reforms designed for the transition to a free-market economy. Like all other post-Soviet countries, Georgia faces a severe economic collapse. The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia exacerbated the crisis. Agricultural and industrial output is reduced. In 1994, gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter from 1989. The first financial aid from the West came in 1995, when the World Bank and International Monetary Fund gave Georgia credit of USD 206 million and Germany gave DM 50 million.
Since the beginning of positive developments seen in the 21st century has been observed in the Georgian economy. In 2007, Georgia's real GDP growth rate reached 12 percent, making Georgia one of the fastest growing economies in Eastern Europe. The World Bank calls Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because in one year it has risen from 112 to 18 in terms of ease of doing business. The country has a high unemployment rate of 12.6% and has a median income that is quite low compared with European countries.
The ban on imports of Georgian wines in 2006 to Russia, one of Georgia's largest trading partners, and the breakdown of financial ties were described by the IMF Mission as "external shocks". In addition, Russia raised gas prices for Georgia. Around the same time, the National Bank of Georgia stated that the ongoing inflation in the country was mainly triggered by external reasons, including the Russian economic embargo. The Georgian authorities expect that the current account deficit due to an embargo in 2007 will be financed by "higher foreign exchange yields generated by large inflows of foreign direct investment" and increased tourist income. The country also maintains strong credit in international market securities. Georgia is becoming more integrated into the global trade network: 2015 import and export accounts are 50% and 21% of GDP respectively. Georgia's main imports are fuel, vehicles, machinery and parts, grains and other food, pharmaceuticals. The main exports are vehicles, ferro-alloys, fertilizers, nuts, scrap metal, gold, copper ore.
Georgia developed into an international transportation corridor through Batumi and Poti ports, Baku-Tbilisi-Kars line, oil pipeline from Baku via Tbilisi to Ceyhan, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline and parallel gas pipe, Southern Caucasus Pipeline.
Since coming to power, the Saakashvili government has completed a series of reforms aimed at increasing tax collection. Among other fixed income taxes was introduced in 2004. As a result, budget revenues increased fourfold and massive budget deficits have turned into surpluses.
In 2001, 54 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line but in 2006 poverty declined to 34 percent, by 2015 was 10.1 percent. By 2015, the average monthly income of households is 1,022.3? (about $ 426). The 2015 calculation puts Georgia's nominal GDP at $ 13.98 billion. The Georgia economy is becoming more devoted to services (by 2016, representing 68.3 per cent of GDP), moving away from the agricultural sector (9.2 per cent).
Regarding the telecommunications infrastructure, Georgia is ranked last among its neighbors bordering on the World Economic Forum Forum Readiness Index (NRI) - an indicator to determine the level of development of a country's information and communication technology. Georgia ranked 58th overall in NRI 2016, up from 60 in 2015.
Tourism
Tourism is an increasingly significant part of Georgia's economy. In 2016, 2,714,773 tourists bring about US $ 2.16 billion to the country. According to the government, there are 103 resorts in different climatic zones in Georgia. Sights include over 2,000 mineral springs, over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments, four of which are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Bagrati Cathedral in Kutaisi and Gelati Monastery, Mtskheta historical monuments, and Upper Svaneti).
Transportation
Transportation today in Georgia is provided by trains, roads, ferries, and air. The total length of the road excluding the occupied area is 20,553 kilometers and the railway - 1,576 km. Positioned in the Caucasus and on the coast of the Black Sea, Georgia is the main country where energy imports to the EU from neighboring Azerbaijan are passed. Traditionally the country lies in an important north-south trade route between Russia Europe and the Near East and Turkey.
In recent years, Georgia has invested huge sums of money in the modernization of its transport network. The construction of new highways has been prioritized and, as such, large cities like Tbilisi have seen the quality of their roads increase dramatically; However, the quality of inter-city routes remains poor and to date only one standard toll road has been built -? 1
The Georgian railway line is an important transport artery for the Caucasus as they constitute the largest part of the route connecting the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, in turn enabling them to benefit in recent years from increased energy exports from neighboring Azerbaijan to the European Union. , Ukraine and Turkey. Passenger services are operated by state-owned Railway Companies while transport operations are carried out by a number of licensed operators. Since 2004, the Georgian Railway has undergone a revolving program of fleet restructuring and managerial restructuring aimed at making the services provided more efficient and convenient for passengers. Infrastructure development is also the main agenda for railways, with Tbilisi's main railway crossing expected to undergo major reorganization in the near future. Additional projects also include the construction of the economically important Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway, which opened on 30 October 2017 and connects most Caucasus with Turkey with standard gauge railways.
Air and maritime transport flourished in Georgia, with the first being mainly used by passengers and the latter for freight transport. Georgia currently has four international airports; the largest is by far Tbilisi International Airport, the hub for Georgian Airways, which offers connections to many major cities in Europe. Other airports in the country are mostly undeveloped or no scheduled traffic, though, in recent years, efforts have been made to resolve both of these issues. There are a number of harbors along the coast of the Black Sea of ​​Georgia, the largest and busiest of which is the Port of Batumi; while the city itself is a seaside resort, the port is the main cargo terminal in the Caucasus and is often used by neighboring Azerbaijan as a transit point for making energy deliveries to Europe. Scheduled passenger ferry services and charter connect Georgia with Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Ukraine.
Demographics
Like most native Caucasians, Georgians do not fit into one of the major ethnic categories of Europe or Asia. The Georgian language, the most pervasive of the Kartvelian language, is not Indo-European, Turkish or Semitic. Today the Georgians or Kartvelians are thought to have come from a mixture of indigenous peoples with immigrants who moved to the Southern Caucasus from the Anatolian direction of antiquity.
Ethnic Georgians make up about 86.8 percent of Georgia's current population of 3.713,804 (census of 2014). Other ethnic groups include Abkhazia, Armenia, Assyria, Azerbaijan, Greece, Jews, Kists, Ossetia, Russia, Ukraine, Yezidi and others. The Jews of Georgia are one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world. After Georgia was also home to significant German ethnic communities, but most Germans were deported during World War II.
The 1989 census recorded 341,000 ethnic Russians, or 6.3 percent of the population, 52,000 Ukrainians, and 100,000 Greeks in Georgia. Since 1990, 1.5 million Georgians have left. At least 1 million emigrants from Georgia are legally or illegally in Russia. Georgia's net migration figure is -4.54, excluding Georgian citizens living abroad. Georgia is still inhabited by immigrants from around the world during independence. According to statistics 2014, Georgia gets most of its immigrants from Russia (51.6%), Greece (8.3%), Ukraine (8.11%), Germany (4.3%), and Armenia (3.8%).
In the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, violent separatist conflict broke out in the autonomous region of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region. Many Ossetians living in Georgia leave the country, mainly to Russia's North Ossetia. On the other hand, more than 150,000 Georgians abandoned Abkhazia after the outbreak of hostilities in 1993. From the Turkic Meskhetia that was forcibly removed
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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