David Livingstone (March 19, 1813 - May 1, 1873) was a Scottish Christian Congregationalist, a pioneering medical missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the heroes The most popular English of the late Victorian era of the 19th century. He has a mystical status that operates on a number of interconnected levels: missionary Protestant missionaries, inspirational stories of "rich-to-rich" working-class, scientific investigators and explorers, imperial reformers, anti-slavery warriors, and commercial and colonial supporters of expansion.
His fame as an explorer and his obsession with studying the sources of the Nile is based on the belief that if he could solve the ancient mystery, his fame would give him influence to end the Arab-Swahili slave trade. "The Nile source," he said to a friend, "is only valuable as a means of opening my mouth with strength among men." That is the power I hope to heal enormous evil. " The subsequent exploration of the Central African watershed is the culmination of the classical period of European geographical discoveries and the colonial penetration of Africa. At the same time, his missionary journey, "disappeared", and finally death in Africa? -? And the subsequent breeding as a posthumous national hero in 1874? -? Caused the establishment of several major Central African Christian missionary initiatives undertaken in the European era "Scramble for Africa".
His meeting with Henry Morton Stanley on November 10, 1871 spawned a popular quote "Dr. Livingstone, I think?"
Video David Livingstone
Kehidupan awal
Livingstone was born on March 19, 1813 in the factory town of Blantyre, Scotland in a tenement building for the workers of the cotton mill on the banks of the Clyde River under a bridge that crossed into Bothwell. He was the second of seven children born to Neil Livingstone (1788-1856) and his wife Agnes (nÃÆ' Â © e Hunter; 1782-1865). David was hired at the age of ten at Henry Monteith & amp; Co in Blantyre Works. He and his brother John work twelve hours a day as piecers, tying the broken cotton yarn to the spinning machine. He was a student at Charing Cross Hospital Medical School in 1838-40, with his program covering medical, midwifery and botanical practices.
Neil Livingstone is a Sunday school teacher and a non-alcoholic person who distributes Christian tracts on his way as a door-to-door tea salesman. He read many books about theology, travel, and missionary efforts. This was erased on young David, who became an avid reader, but he also loved exploring the countryside for animal, plant, and geological specimens at a local limestone quarry. Neil was afraid that the science books ravaged Christianity and tried to force his son to read anything but theology, but David's deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the relationship between religion and science. In 1832, he read The Future Philosophy of the State, written by Thomas Dick, and he found the reason that he needed to reconcile faith and science and, apart from the Bible, this book might be his greatest philosophy. influence.
Other important influences in his early life were Thomas Burke, a Blantyre evangelist, and David Hogg, his Sunday school teacher. At the age of nineteen, David and his father left the Church of Scotland for the local church of Congregation, influenced by preachers like Ralph Wardlaw, who rejected the predestinarian limits of salvation. Influenced by revivalistic teachings in the United States, Livingstone fully accepted the proposition proposed by Charles Finney, Professor of Theology at Oberlin College, Ohio, that "the Holy Spirit is open to all who ask for it". For Livingstone, this means the release of the fear of eternal damnation. Livingstone's reading of the missionary Karl GÃÆ'¼tllaff's Appeal to the Churches of England and America on behalf of China enabled him to persuade his father that medical studies could advance religious objectives.
The Livingstone experience at the Blantyre H. Monteith cotton factory is also important from ages 10 to 26, first as a piecer and then as a spinner. This monotonous work was needed to support his poor family, but it taught him the persistence, endurance, and natural empathy with everyone who worked, as expressed by the lines he used to hum from an egalitarian Rabbie Burns song: "When man is man, the world o'er/Shall brothers is for 'it'.
Maps David Livingstone
Education
Livingstone attended Blantyre village school along with several other grinding children with the power to do so even though their working hours are 14 hours (6 am - 8 pm), but having a family with a strong and continuous commitment to learning also strengthens its education. After reading the petition by Gutzlaff for medical missionary to China in 1834, he began saving money and entering the Anderson College of Glasgow, in 1836 (now Strathclyde University), founded to bring science and technology to ordinary people, and attend Greek lectures and theology at the University of Glasgow. To attend medical school, he needed Latin knowledge. A local Roman Catholic named Daniel Gallagher helped him learn Latin to the required level. Later, Gallagher became pastor and founded the third oldest Catholic Church in Glasgow: St. Simon, Partick (originally called St. Peter). Roy Petrie's Gallagher and Livingstone paintings hung in the church coffee room. In addition, he attended religious lectures by Wardlaw, a leader at this time a strong anti-slavery campaign in the city. Not long after that, he signed up to join the London Missionary Society (LMS) and was accepted for missionary training. He continued his studies in London while practicing there and in Ongar, Essex where he and other disciples were taught Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and theology by Rev. Richard Cecil as part of their training to become ministers in the Congregation serving in under LMS. Regardless of his impressive personality, he was an ordinary preacher described by Cecil as "decent but far from brilliant" and would be rejected by the LMS because his director did not give him a second chance to pass the course. He qualified as a licensee of the Faculty (now Royal College) of the Glasgow Doctor and Surgeon on 16 November 1840, and later became an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty on 5 January 1857.
Vision for Africa
Livingstone hoped to go to China as a missionary, but the First Opium War took place in September 1839 and the LMS suggested the West Indies instead. In 1840, while continuing his medical studies in London, Livingstone met with LMS missionary Robert Moffat, departing from Kuruman, a missionary post in South Africa, north of the Orange River. He is passionate about Moffat's vision of extending missionary work to the north, and he is also influenced by T.F. Buxton's argument that African slave trade can be destroyed through the influence of "legitimate trade" and the spread of Christianity. Livingstone, therefore, focuses his ambition in South Africa.
Livingstone was heavily influenced by Moffat's judgment that he was the right man to go to the vast plains north of Bechuanaland, where he had seen a glimpse of "the smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionaries ever existed." During this time, Livingstone was attacked by a lion while living in a village in Africa, trying to defend the village sheep from the animal. Lion seriously injures his left arm, but a broken bone? -? Although not self-organized and fellow missionaries? -? Strongly bonded, allowing him to shoot and lift heavy loads, though unable to lift his arms higher than his shoulders.
Livingstone lived in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire in 1862 in no time. The house is still standing and has a plaque that can be seen outside the house (17 Burnbank Road). He was awarded the Freedom of the Town of Hamilton..
South and Central Africa Exploration
Livingstone was obliged to abandon his first mission at Mabotsa in Botswana in 1845 after irreconcilable differences emerged between him and his fellow missionaries, Rogers [sic] Edwards and because Bakgatla proved to be indifferent to the gospel. He left Chonuane, the next mission, in 1847 due to the drought and proximity of Boer and his desire "to move to areas outside". In Kolobeng Mission Livingstone transformed Sechele's Head in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion, but only a few months later Sechele reneged. In 1851, when Livingstone finally left Kolobeng, he did not use this failure to explain his departure, although it played an important role in his decision. Equally important were the three long journeys to the north of Kolobeng which he had done between 1849 and 1851 and which convinced him that the best long-term opportunity for successful evangelism was to open Africa to European looters and missionaries by mapping and navigating rivers that might later become "Highway" inland. So Livingstone explored the interior of Africa in the north between 1852 and 1856, charted almost all of Zambezi's way, and was the first European to see the Mosi-o-Tunya ("fumes flown") waterfall, which he called Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria's king, and what he wrote later, "Such a beautiful scene must be looked upon by the angels in their flight."
Livingstone was one of the first Westerners to cross the continent across Africa in 1854-56, from Luanda in the Atlantic to Quelimane in the Indian Ocean near the Zambezi estuary. Central and Southern Africa have not been crossed by Europeans in the latitudes, despite repeated European efforts (mainly by the Portuguese), because of their vulnerability to malaria, dysentery and sleeping disorders prevalent in the interior and which also prevent the use of animal drafts (oxen and horses ). Such travel has also been thwarted by opposition from powerful leaders and tribes, such as Lozi, and Lunda of Mwata Kazembe.
The quality and approach that gives Livingstone an advantage as an explorer is that he usually travels lightly, and he has the ability to convince leaders that he is not a threat. Another expedition had dozens of armies armed with rifles and a number of hired carriers carrying supplies, and seen as military attacks or misinterpreted as a group of slave invaders. Livingstone, on the other hand, travels most of the way with servants and porters, bartering supplies along the way, with some weapons for protection. He preached the Christian message but did not impose it on the unwilling ears; he understands the way the head of the region and successfully negotiates the way through their territory, and is often received and assisted kindly, even by Mwata Kazembe. His great trans-African journey was accomplished with the initial assistance of 27 Africans lent to him by Sekeletu, the chief of Kololo, for the journey from Loanda (Luanda) in the Atlantic Ocean to Linyanti, and with 114 people, lent by the same head, under certain conditions, for the last leg of the journey from Linyanti to Quelimane in the Indian Ocean.
Livingstone advocated the formation of trade and religious missions in Central Africa, but the abolition of African slave trade, as did Portuguese Tete and Swahili Arabs from Kilwa, became its primary goal. His motto - now inscribed on his statue in Victoria Falls - is Christianity, Trade and Civilization , "a combination he hopes will be an alternative to the slave trade, and give dignity to African people in the eyes of Europeans He believes that the key to achieving this goal is navigating the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.He returned to England to gather support for his ideas, and published a book about his journey that made him famous as one one of the foremost explorers of the time.
Livingstone believes that he has a spiritual call for exploration to find a route for commercial trade that will replace the slave trade route, not to preach. He was encouraged by his response in England for his discovery and support for future expeditions, so he resigned from the London Missionary Society in 1857. According to Victorian biographer, W. Garden Blaikie, the reason is to prevent public concerns that non-missionary activities such as works the science may show the LMS to be "departing from the proper object of the missionary body". Livingstone has written to the community directors to express complaints about their policies and the grouping of too many missionaries near the Cape Colony, even though the indigenous population is very rare. Blaikie, not wanting to offend the relatives of Livingstone, who was alive in 1880 when his book was published, hides the real reason why Livingstone left the LMS and that way. In a letter from the director of the LMS, received by Livingstone in Quelimane, he was congratulated on his journey but was told that directors were "limited in their power to help plans that were connected only from a distance to the spread of the gospel". A strong refutation of his plans for a new mission station in northern Zambesi and his wider object to open the interior through the Zambezi, was not enough to make him resign at once. When he was approached by Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal Geographical Society, who connected him to the Secretary of State, Livingstone did not say anything to the LMS director, even when his leadership from the government's expedition to Zambezi seemed more likely to be funded. by Exchequer. "I have not quite mixed with the Government," he told a friend, "but I am almost out with the Society (LMS)." And when he negotiated with the government, he deceived the LMS into thinking he would return to Africa with their mission to Kololo in Barotseland, where Livingstone had used his national fame to force them to initiate against their better judgment. As the biographer Tim Jeal wrote in Chapter 12 of his biography, the end result is the death of the missionary and his wife, the death of a second missionary wife and the death of three children due to malaria. Livingstone had suffered more than thirty attacks during his journey but deliberately minimized his suffering so as not to make LMS send no missionaries to Kololo. As a result, missionaries have departed into swampy areas with a supply of quinine that is entirely inadequate and they soon weaken and die.
In May 1857 Livingstone was appointed as the Consul of its Embassy with a traveling commission, extending through Mozambique to adjoining areas.
Zambezi expedition
The British government agreed to fund Livingstone's idea and he returned to Africa as head of the Second Zambesi Expedition to inspect the natural resources of southeastern Africa and open the Zambezi River. However, it turns out to be completely impassable by a boat passing Cahora Bassa rafting, a series of cataracts and rapids that Livingstone failed to navigate on previous trips.
The expedition lasted from March 1858 to mid-1864. The expedition members noted that Livingstone was an incompetent leader who was unable to manage large-scale projects. He was also said to be secretive, self-righteous and depressed, and unable to tolerate criticism, all of which severely depressed expeditions and which led John Kirk to write in 1862, "I can not come to any other conclusion than that. sane and most insecure leaders ".
Artist Thomas Baines was dismissed from the expedition on the alleged theft (which he strongly denies). The expedition became the first to reach Lake Malawi and they explored it in a four-kite show. In 1862, they returned to the coast to await the arrival of a steamship specially designed for sailing on Lake Malawi. Mary Livingstone came along with the boat. He died on 27 April 1862 from malaria and Livingstone resumed his exploration. The attempts to navigate the Ruvuma River failed because of constantly fouling the rowing wheels of bodies thrown into the river by slave traders, and the assistants of Livingstone slowly died or abandoned them.
At this point he uttered his most famous quotation, "I am ready to go anywhere, as long as it is continued." He eventually returned home in 1864 after the government ordered the withdrawal of the expedition due to increased costs and the failure to find navigational routes to the interior. The Zambezi expedition was condemned as a failure in many newspapers at the time, and Livingstone had great difficulty in raising funds to explore Africa further. However, John Kirk, Charles Meller, and Richard Thornton, the scientists appointed to work under Livingstone, do contribute a vast collection of botanical, ecological, geological, and ethnographic materials to a scientific institution in England. Nile
In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to Zanzibar, and from there he set out to find the source of the Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, and Samuel Baker have identified either Lake Albert or Lake Victoria as the source (which is partially true, such as "Nile river bubbles from high ground in the Burundi mountains halfway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria"), but there is still a serious debate on this issue. Livingstone believes that the source is further south and gathered the team to find it composed of freed slaves, the Comoros Archipelago, twelve Sepoy, and two helpers from the previous expedition, Chuma and Susi.
Livingstone departs from the mouth of the Ruvuma river, but his assistants slowly begin to leave him. The Comoros Islands have returned to Zanzibar and (falsely) told the authorities that Livingstone had died. He reached Lake Malawi on 6 August, at which time most of his provisions were stolen, including all his medicines. Livingstone then travels through the swamp towards Lake Tanganyika, with his health declining. He sent a message to Zanzibar asking that supplies be sent to Ujiji and he then headed west, forced by poor health to travel with slave merchants. He arrived at Lake Mweru on November 8, 1867 and continued his journey south to become the first European to see Lake Bangweulu. After discovering the Lualaba River, Livingstone theorized that it could be a tall part of the Nile; but realize that it actually flows into the Congo River in Upper Congo Lake.
The year 1869 began with Livingstone finding himself very sick while in the woods. He was rescued by an Arab merchant who gave him medicine and took him to an Arab post. In March 1869, Livingstone suffered from pneumonia and arrived at Ujiji to find his supplies stolen. He came down with cholera and suffered tropical boils at his feet, so he was once again forced to rely on slave merchants to carry him as far as Bambara - where he was caught by the rainy season. Without supplies, Livingstone must eat his food in a cord-ridden enclosure for the entertainment of locals in exchange for food.
On July 15, 1871, he witnessed about 400 Africans slaughtered by slaves when visiting Nyangwe on the banks of the River Lualaba. The massacre was horrified by Livingstone, leaving him too devastated to continue his mission of seeking the source of the Nile. After the end of the wet season, he traveled 240 miles (390 km) from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika - a violent illness almost all the way - arrived on 23 October 1871.
Geography discovery
Livingstone is wrong about the Nile, but he identifies many geographical features for Western science, such as Lake Ngami, Lake Malawi, and Lake Bangweulu, in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above. He fills in the details of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, and many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations allow large areas to be mapped that were previously empty. Even so, the furthest north he reaches is the northern tip of Lake Tanganyika - still south of the Equator - and he does not penetrate the Congo River rain forest further downstream from Ntangwe near Misisi.
Livingstone was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London and made a Fellow of the community, with which he has a strong association for the rest of his life.
Stanley meeting
Livingstone has completely lost touch with the outside world for six years and is sick for most of the last four years of his life. Only one of 44 letters sent to Zanzibar. A surviving letter to Horace Waller was made available to the public in 2010 by its owner, Peter Beard. It read: "I was really beaten, but this is only for your own eyes,... Doubt if I live to see you again..."
Henry Morton Stanley was sent to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869. He found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on 10 November 1871, greeting him with the now famous. the words "Dr. Livingstone, I think?" Livingstone replied, "Yes", and then "I feel grateful that I am here to welcome you." These famous words may be a lie, because Stanley then tore out these pages of meetings in his diary. Even Livingstone's account of this meeting did not mention these words. However, this phrase appeared in the editorial of the New York Herald on August 10, 1872, and the EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography both quoted it without question the truth. His words are famous for the humor they feel, Livingstone being the only other white person for hundreds of miles. Stanley's book shows that it's really because she's embarrassed because she does not dare to hold her.
Despite Stanley's insistence, Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was completed. Her illness distracted her and she had difficulty assessing at the end of her life. He explores Lualaba and, failing to find connections to the Nile, returns to Lake Bangweulu and swamps to explore rivers that may flow northward.
Stanley's quest and the discovery of Livingstone was the subject of Hugh Masekela's song "Whitch Doctor" which appeared on his 1976 album,
Christianity and Sechele
Livingstone is known as "the greatest missionary in Africa," but it is noted to have converted only one African: Sechele, who is the head of the Kwena Botswana tribe (Kwena is one of the main Sotho-Tswana clans, found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Botswana in all three Sotho-Tswana language groups). Sechele was born in 1812. His father died when Sechele was 10 years old, and his two uncles divided tribes, forcing Sechele to leave his home for nine years. When Sechele returned, he took over one of his uncle's tribes; at the time, he met David Livingstone.
Livingstone is known through much of Africa to treat indigenous people with respect, and the tribes he visits restore his respect with faith and loyalty. He could never permanently convert the tribe to Christianity, however. Among other reasons, Sechele, at that time African tribal leaders, did not like the way Livingstone could not demand his God's rain like the rain makers, who said they could. After a long hesitation from Livingstone, he baptized Sechele and the church completely embraced him. Sechele is now part of the church, but he continues to act in accordance with his African culture, as opposed to Livingstone's teachings.
Sechele is no different from other men of his tribe in believing polygamy. He had five wives, and when Livingstone told him to get rid of four of them, it shook the foundations of the Kwena tribe. After she finally divorced the women, Livingstone baptized them all and everything went well. However, one year later one of his ex-wives became pregnant and Sechele was his father. Sechele pleads with Livingstone not to give up because his faith is still strong, but Livingstone leaves the country and goes north to continue the Christianization effort.
Livingstone was immediately attracted to Sechele, and especially his ability to read. Being a fast learner, Sechele studied the alphabet in two days and immediately called English as a second language. After teaching her skills to his wife, she wrote the Bible in her native tongue.
After Livingstone left the Kwena tribe, Sechele remained true to Christianity and led missionaries to the surrounding tribes and transformed almost the entire population of Kwena. In the estimates of Neil Parsons of the University of Botswana, Sechele "did more to spread Christianity in South Africa in the 19th century than almost all European missionaries". Although Sechele is a self-proclaimed Christian, many European missionaries disagree. The leader of the Kwena tribe continues to make rain part of his life as well as polygamy.
Death
David Livingstone died in 1873 at the age of 60 in the village of Chitambo Head in Ilala, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, in Zambia today, from malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery. His loyal followers, Chuma and Susi, pulled out his heart and buried him under a tree near his death, which had been identified as a variety of Mvula trees or Baobab trees. The site, now known as Memorial Livingstone, lists the date of his death as May 4, the date reported (and carved into the trunk) by Chuma and Susi; but most sources consider May 1 - the date of Livingstone's final journal entry - as correct.
The remains of his body were taken, along with his journal, over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) by Chuma and Susi to the coastal city of Bagamoyo, where they were returned by ship to England for burial. In London, his body lay in a quiet position on No.1 Savile Row, then the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, before the funeral in Westminster Abbey.
Livingstone and slavery
And if my disclosure of terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the repression of the East Coast slave trade, I would consider it a bigger problem than the discovery of all the Nile resources together.
Livingstone wrote of the slave trade in the Great Lakes region of Africa, which he visited in the mid-nineteenth century:
We passed a slave girl who was shot or stabbed through the body and lay on the road. [Audience] said an Arab late in the morning had been angry with the loss of the price he had given him, as he could not walk any longer.
Livingstone's letters, books, and journals really aroused public support for the abolition of slavery; However, he becomes dependent on the help on the slave merchants he desperately wants to get out of business. He was a bad leader of his comrades, and he ended up on his final expedition as an individualist explorer with waiters and porters but no expert support around him. At the same time, he does not use the brutal methods of maverick explorers like Stanley to keep his guards queued and his supplies safe. For these reasons, he received help and hospitality from 1867 onwards from Mohamad Bogharib and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as "Mamamari"), a merchant who kept and traded slaves, as he wrote in his journals. They, in turn, benefited from Livingstone's influence with the local community, which facilitated Mpamari's release from slavery to Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone was furious when he learned that some of his successor porters sent at his request from Ujiji were slaves.
Legacy
By the late 1860s the reputation of Livingstone in Europe had suffered because of the mission failures he founded, and the Zambezi Expedition; and his ideas about the source of the Nile are not supported. His expeditions were not a model of order and organization. His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper, and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired miracles. His last journal publication revealed a stubborn determination in the face of suffering.
In 1860, the University's Mission to Central Africa was established at his request. Many important missionaries, such as Leader Stirling and Miss Annie Allen, will later work for this group. This group and its sponsored medical missionaries have a profound and positive influence on the people of Africa.
Livingstone made a geographical discovery for European knowledge. He inspired slavery from the slave trade, explorers, and missionaries. He opened Central Africa to missionaries who started education and health care for Africans, and traded with the Lake Africa Company. He is respected by several African leaders and locals and his name facilitates the relationship between them and the British.
As a result, within 50 years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa, and white settlements were encouraged to expand further inland. However, what Livingstone imagines for "colonies" is not from what we now know as colonial rule, but from the settlement of dedicated European Christians who will live among the people to help them find a way of life that does not involve slavery. Livingstone was part of the evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain that during the 19th century helped change the national mindset of the idea of ​​divine right to rule 'lower race', to more modern ethical ideas in foreign policy.
David Livingstone Center in Blantyre celebrates his life and is based at the home where he was born, at the factory site where he started his working life. His Christian faith is evident in his journal, in which one entry reads: "I do not appreciate anything I have or have, except in relation to Christ's kingdom.If something will advance the interests of the kingdom, it will be given or saved, or guard it, I will promote His glory to whom I owe all my hopes in time and eternity. "
In 2002, David Livingstone was named one of the 100 Great Britons after voting throughout England.
Family life
Although Livingstone had a major influence on British imperialism, he did so at enormous expense for his family. In his absence, his children grew lost to their father, and his wife Mary (Mary's daughter and Robert Moffat), who he married in 1845, suffered terrible health, and died of malaria on 27 April 1862 trying to follow him in Africa. He has six children: Robert reportedly died in the American Civil War; Agnes (born 1847), Thomas, Elizabeth (who died in two months), William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river where he was born, in 1851) and Anna Mary (born 1858). Only Agnes, William Oswell, and Anna Mary are married and have children. One regret in the future is that he does not spend enough time with his children.
Online Archive and Manuscript
Over the last decade, the innovative Livingstone Online project, a museum and digital library, has made Livingstone's visible and visual heritage accessible to a vast international audience through its digital collection of sites. The project is directed from the University of Nebraska and is headed by Professor Adrian S. Wisnicki (University of Nebraska-Lincoln) and Professor Megan Ward (Oregon State University). The site was founded by Professor Christopher Lawrence and originally based at University College London. Currently, Livingstone Online:
- publishes a series of important essays on colonial archives, nineteenth-century African history, English royal discourses, and Livingstone manuscripts;
- offers open access to over 15,000 historical manuscripts and illustrations, 5,000 pages of critically edited and transcribed transcriptions, and 3,000 metadata records;
- includes a narrative of the digital humanities process and hundreds of project documents that bring users far behind the scenes of research that enable this project.
Livingstone Online also includes a number of critical editions that focus on specific manuscripts or document collections. A number of editions attract state-of-the-art spectral imaging technology, an area where the Livingstone Online team has been recognized for its disciplinary leadership.
The edition is as follows:
- Ward, Megan, and Adrian S. Wisnicki, dirs. Livingstone Living Script (1865-1873) - Diaries, Journals, Notebooks, and Maps: A Critical Edition. First edition, 2018.
- McDonald, Jared, and Adrian S. Wisnicki, dirs. Livingstone Manuscript in South Africa (1843-1872): Critical Edition. First edition, 2018.
- Wisnicki, Adrian S., and Megan Ward, dirs. Livingstone's 1870 Field Diary and Select 1870-1871 Manuscripts: A Multispectral Critical Edition. First edition, 2017.
- Wisnicki, Adrian S., dir. Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary: Multispectral Critical Edition. Updated version, 2017.
- Wisnicki, Adrian S., dir. Letter Livingstone from Bambarre: Multispectral Critical Edition . Latest version, 2017.
In 1971-1998, the image of Livingstone was photographed with the £ 10 money issued by Clydesdale Bank. He was initially shown to be surrounded by palm tree leaves with African tribal illustrations on the back. The next issue shows Livingstone against the background map of the Zambezi Livingstone expedition, showing the Zambezi River, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the contrary, African characters were replaced with images of the birthplace of Livingstone in Blantyre, Scotland.
Biology
The following species has been named in honor of David Livingstone:
- cichlid Livingston, Nimbochromis livingstonii
- Livingstone eagle, Taurotragus oryx livingstonii
- Livingstone fruit bats, Pteropus livingstonii
In-picture depiction
Livingstone telah digambarkan oleh MA Wetherell di Livingstone (1925), Percy Marmont di David Livingstone (1936), Sir Cedric Hardwicke di Stanley dan Livingstone (1939), Bernard Hill dalam Mountains of the Moon (1990) dan Sir Nigel Hawthorne dalam film TV Forbidden Territory (1997).
The 1949 comedy film African Screams is the story of an overbought employee named Stanley Livington (played by Lou Costello), who is thought to be a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character name appears to be a game at Stanley and Livingstone, but with some important letters removed from the surname; it is not known whether this is the result of a typing error or a deliberate obsession.
In popular culture
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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